Determining Causation from Observational Studies: A Challenge for Modern Neuroepidemiology.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

1. From metabolites to membrane vesicles: Unifying gut microbial signals in obesity, t2dm, and MASLD.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026
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2. Deciphering novel targets in salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma by integrating plasma proteomics and parotid transcriptomics analyses.Journal of dental sciences · 2026
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3. Dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake and pain interference in adults with chronic spine-related pain: a cross-sectional survey study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
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4. Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Global, Regional, National and Sub-National-Level Estimates and Future Projections.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025
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5. The Impact of Hospice Care Structures on Care Processes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.The American journal of hospice & palliative care · 2024
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6. Pathogen Discovery in the Post-COVID Era.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
   Review
7. Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D and the immune response: connections with consequences for multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024
   Review
8. Genetic evidence for a potential causal relationship between insomnia symptoms and suicidal behavior: a Mendelian randomization study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022
   Article
9. Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review.Neurology and therapy · 2018
   Review
10. What are the characteristics of vitamin D metabolism in opioid dependence? An exploratory longitudinal study in Australian primary care.BMJ open · 2018
    Article

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

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