ArticleBirth defects research2017
Ambient and Dosed Exposure to Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants Causes Neural Tube Defects in Rodents.
Article in Birth defects research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Association between Prenatal Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) Exposure and Neonatal Birth Obesity: Insights from Epidemiology andEnvironment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity in 2D Cultures and a Human Kidney-on-a-Chip System.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Exposure to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) in Assisted Living Facilities: Implications for Older Adults.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Ingestion of Surface Residues Dominates Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) Exposure in Chinese Urban Homes: Evidence from Silicone Wristband Passive Sampling and Urinary Biomonitoring.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Maternal and Placental Inflammation Influence Formation of Neural Tube Defects in Quaternary Ammonium Compound Exposed Mice.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Insight into didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide toxicity following acute exposure in pullets (Gallus gallusdomesticus).Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Reproductive & developmental toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Review
- Interaction and Transport of Benzalkonium Chlorides by the Organic Cation and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporters.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2024Article
- An exposure assessment of 27 quaternary ammonium compounds in pet dogs and cats from New York State, USA.Environment international · 2024Article
- The use ofFrontiers in toxicology · 2024Article
- A Review of the Effects of Some Extrinsic Factors on Mice Used in Research.Comparative medicine · 2023Review
- Bedding as a variable affecting fasting blood glucose and vascular physiology in mice.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2023Article
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern.Environmental science & technology · 2023Review
- Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance.Journal of hazardous materials · 2023Review
- A new class of quaternary ammonium compounds as potent and environmental friendly disinfectants.Journal of cleaner production · 2022Review
- GS-2: A Novel Broad-Spectrum Agent for Environmental Microbial Control.Biomolecules · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundQuaternary ammonium compounds are a large class of chemicals used for their antimicrobial and antistatic properties. Two common quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), are combined in common cleaners and disinfectants. Introduction of a cleaner containing ADBAC+DDAC in the vivarium caused neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice and rats.
methodsTo further evaluate this finding, male and female mice were dosed in the feed at 60 or 120 mg/kg/day, or by oral gavage at 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg ADBAC+DDAC. Mice also received ambient exposure to ADBAC+DDAC from the disinfectant used in the mouse room. Embryos were evaluated on gestational day 10 for NTDs, and fetuses were evaluated on gestational day 18 for gross and skeletal malformations.
resultsWe found increased NTDs with exposure to ADBAC+DDAC in both rats and mice. The NTDs persisted for two generations after cessation of exposure. Notably, male exposure alone was sufficient to cause NTDs. Equally significant, ambient exposure from disinfectant use in the vivarium, influenced the levels of NTDs to a greater extent than oral dosing. No gross or significant axial skeletal malformations were observed in late gestation fetuses. Placental abnormalities and late gestation fetal deaths were increased at 120 mg/kg/day, which might explain the lack of malformations observed in late gestation fetuses.
conclusionThese results demonstrate that ADBAC+DDAC in combination are teratogenic to rodents. Given the increased use of these disinfectants, further evaluation of their safety in humans and their contribution to health and disease is essential. Birth Defects Research 109:1166-1178, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.