ReviewPhysiology (Bethesda, Md.)2017
Modeling Physiological Events in 2D vs. 3D Cell Culture.
Review in Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 934 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
934 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on the culture methods and applications of 3D tumoroids for cancer research and personalized medicine.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Pooled it
- 3D Ewing Sarcoma Modeling for Metabolic Studies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027Article
- Key molecular networks underlying retinol's biphasic effects on cell proliferation through multi-omics integrative analysis using genome-scale metabolic modeling.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2027Article
- Using Organoids to Unlock the Potential of Human Torpor for Spaceflight.Current stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Hybrid spheroids of urine-derived renal epithelial cells: Structural and functional characterization.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Cell homing within endodontic hydrogels: A scoping review.The Japanese dental science review · 2026Review
- Organoids: Current Applications and Future Directions.MedComm · 2026Review
- Altered Inflammatory Protein Release by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in 3D-Culture.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Current status of extracellular vesicle technology in industrialization and commercialization.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Current Perspectives on 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models in Cancer Research: Molecular Determinants of Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Response.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Cholesterol dysregulation in APOE4 astrocytes promotes α-synuclein pathology in miBrains.Cell stem cell · 2026Article
- Human iPSC-Derived Brain Organoids: A Disease-Oriented Evaluation of Modeling Fidelity.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Cancer Drug Delivery with Nanoparticles and Biomolecules: Stimuli-Responsive, Theranostic, and AI-Guided Approaches.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Preliminary Formulation-Dependent Angiogenesis-Related and Early Osteogenic Responses to Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Hydroxyapatite-Acrylated Palm Olein Scaffolds: An In Vitro Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A tumor-on-a-chip model reveals and targets reciprocal macrophage-NK cell crosstalk to advance immunotherapy screening.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Emerging Regenerative Medicine for Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Cord Organoids-on-a-Chip.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Camouflage Protein-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate TMJ-OA by Hijacking Caspase-1 to Suppress Pyroptosis.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Keratocyte Gene Expression Shaped by ECM Dimensionality: Evidence for Enhanced Quiescence in 3D Culture.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective Potential ofBiomolecules · 2026Article
874 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to help uncover fundamental biophysical and biomolecular mechanisms by which cells assemble into tissues and organs, how these tissues function, and how that function becomes disrupted in disease. Cell culture is now widely used in biomedical research, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and industrial practices. Although flat, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has predominated, recent research has shifted toward culture using three-dimensional (3D) structures, and more realistic biochemical and biomechanical microenvironments. Nevertheless, in 3D cell culture, many challenges remain, including the tissue-tissue interface, the mechanical microenvironment, and the spatiotemporal distributions of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. Here, we review 2D and 3D cell culture methods, discuss advantages and limitations of these techniques in modeling physiologically and pathologically relevant processes, and suggest directions for future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.