ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2017
New Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Independently Associated With Rectal Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and trends of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female sex workers and men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Doxycycline Versus Azithromycin for the Treatment of Rectal Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention in Cisgender Men and Transgender Women.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Estimation of Prevention-Effective CAB-LA Concentrations Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and Transgender Women (TGW) in HPTN 083.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Screening strategies and epidemiology of gonorrhea and chlamydia in sexually active men in Taiwan.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- AsymptomaticSouthern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Anxiety responses and testing intentions among gay and bisexual men using an AI-powered HIV/STI risk assessment tool: a quasi-experimental study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Estimating the population need for preexposure prophylaxis for HIV in the United States.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Determining the strength of evidence for an association between sexual indicators and risk of acquiring HIV and sexually transmitted infections: Providing evidence for blood donation policy change.Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) · 2024Review
- Overcoming analytical and preanalytical challenges associated with extragenital home collected STI specimens.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Cascade Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaging in Partner Notification Services at a Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2024Article
- Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Rectal Mucosa Associated With Neisseria gonorrheae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Treatment Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Lima, Peru.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Observational
- Article
- HIV, asymptomatic STI, and the rectal mucosal immune environment among young men who have sex with men.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers Among People Living with HIV in Washington, District of Columbia.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2023Article
- Use of viability PCR for detection of live Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRectal sexually transmitted infections (STI) have been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, but inferring a causal association requires disentangling them from receptive anal intercourse (RAI).
methodsWe conducted a stratified case-control study by frequency matching 4 controls to each case within year using clinical data from men who have sex with men (MSM) attending the Seattle STD Clinic 2001 to 2014. Cases were MSM with a new HIV diagnosis and negative HIV test at 12 months or less. Controls were HIV-negative MSM. All included men had rectal STI testing, tested negative for syphilis, and had complete sexual behavior data. We categorized men by RAI: (1) none; (2) condoms for all RAI; (3) condomless RAI only with HIV-negative partners; and (4) condomless RAI with HIV-positive or unknown-status partners. We created 3 logistic regression models: (1) 3 univariate models of concurrent rectal gonorrhea, rectal chlamydia, and rectal STI in 12 months or less with new HIV diagnosis; (2) those 3 infections, plus age, race, year, number of sexual partners in 2 months or less, and methamphetamine use; and (3) model 2 with RAI categories. We calculated the population attributable risk of rectal STI on HIV diagnoses.
resultsAmong 176 cases and 704 controls, rectal gonorrhea, chlamydia and rectal STI in 12 months or less were associated with HIV diagnosis. The magnitude of these associations attenuated in the second model, but persisted in model 3 (gonorrhea: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-3.8; chlamydia: aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.3; prior STI: aOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.5-6.2). One in 7 HIV diagnoses can be attributed to rectal STI.
conclusionsRectal STI are independently associated with HIV acquisition. These findings support the hypothesis that rectal STI play a biologically mediated causal role in HIV acquisition and support screening/treatment of STI for HIV prevention.
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