ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2018
Laundry in a washing machine as a mediator of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of DNA transfer and degradation in washing machines: forensic implications.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Three-dimensional DNA tweezers serve as modular DNA intelligent machines for detection and regulation of intracellular microRNA.Science advances · 2020Article
- Cleaning a crime scene 2.0-what to do with the bloody knife after the crime?International journal of legal medicine · 2020Article
- Interpol review of forensic biology and forensic DNA typing 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020Review
- The Washing Machine as a Reservoir for Transmission of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase (CTX-M-15)-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca ST201 to Newborns.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
- Detectability of bloodstains after machine washing.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Investigation of DNA transfer onto clothing during regular daily activities.International journal of legal medicine · 2018Article
- Persistence of DNA on clothes after exposure to water for different time periods-a study on bathtub, pond, and river.International journal of legal medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer during laundry. The modes of transfer tested were mixed and separate laundry of worn and unworn garments in household and public washing machines. In addition, the possibility of a background DNA carry-over from a washing machine's drum was investigated. In the mixed (worn and unworn garments washed together) laundry experiment, 22% of samples from new unworn socks with no traceable DNA prior to experiment produced DNA profiles post-laundry. In the tertiary DNA transfer experiment performed in a public washing machine (unworn garments only), no detectable DNA profiles were observed. Samples collected from the internal drum of 25 washing and drying machines did not produce detectable STR profiles. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of forensic DNA casework analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟA real-life scenario of secondary DNA transfer between worn and unworn garments during machine washing has been evaluated. Experiments demonstrated this scenario is possible (22% of samples) and may in fact result in high quality DNA profiles. On the contrary, testing washing machine's interior for deposition of biological material between separate washing cycles to serve as a mediator of tertiary DNA transfer resulted in no DNA profiles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.