SynthesisJournal of global health2017
Risk factors for
Synthesis in Journal of global health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Omadacycline andThe Annals of pharmacotherapy · 2023Pooled it
- Body mass index and risk of clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection · 2022Pooled it
- CLOVER (CLOstridium difficile Vaccine Efficacy tRial) Study: A Phase 3, Randomized Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Detoxified Toxin A/B Vaccine in Adults 50 Years and Older at Increased Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Vancomycin Treatment in Clostridioides difficile-Colonized Patients.mSphere · 2021Trial
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Pooled analyses of Clostridioides difficile vaccine trials identify baseline predictors for vaccine response.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Variety ofGerms · 2026Article
- Enteric Infections, Dysbiosis, and Metabolic Dysfunction: The Role of Diarrheagenic Pathogens in Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Clinical and Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of Fidaxomicin in patients over 65 years of age and immunocompromised patients with recurrent and refractory Clostridioides difficile infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Significant Increase inGastro hep advances · 2026Article
- Trends and Disparities inGastroenterology research and practice · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile infection risk and contemporary antibiotic use: Evidence from a large real-world dataset highlighting the need for a comprehensive antibiotic stewardship in dentistry.Journal of dental sciences · 2026Article
- PCR-Based Versus Conventional Stool Testing in Hospitalized Patients with Diarrhea: Diagnostic Yield, Clinical Impact, and Stewardship Implications.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Outcome of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Clostridioides difficile Polymerase Chain Reaction Toxin-Positive/Enzyme Immunoassay Toxin-Negative: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Healthy Children After Antibiotic Use: A Report of Two Cases.Cureus · 2025Article
- Risk factors and outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with colorectal cancer: critical perspective in management.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- Article
- The Global Burden ofInfectious disease reports · 2025Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecognition of a broad spectrum of disease and development of
methodsWe conducted a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on risk factors for CDI and rCDI published between 1990 and October 2016.
results22 systematic reviews assessing risk factors for CDI (n = 19) and rCDI (n = 6) were included. Meta-analyses were conducted in 17 of the systematic reviews. Over 40 risk factors have been associated with CDI and rCDI and can be classified into three categories: pharmacological risk factors, host-related risk factors, and clinical characteristics or interventions. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses have focused on antibiotic use (n = 8 for CDI, 3 for rCDI), proton pump inhibitors (n = 8 for CDI, 4 for rCDI), and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (n = 4 for CDI) and chronic kidney disease (n = 4 for rCDI). However, other risk factors have been assessed. We discuss the state of the evidence, methods, and challenges for data synthesis.
conclusionSeveral studies, synthesized in different systematic review, provide valuable insights into the role of different risk factors for CDI. Meta-analytic evidence of association has been reported for factors such as antibiotics, gastric acid suppressants, non-selective NSAID, and some co-morbidities. However, despite statistical significance, issues of high heterogeneity, bias and confounding remain to be addressed effectively to improve overall risk estimates. Large, prospective primary studies on risk factors for CDI with standardised case definitions and stratified analyses are required to develop more accurate and robust estimates of risk effects that can inform targeted-CDI clinical management procedures, prevention, and research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.