ArticleJournal of global health2017
Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes.
Article in Journal of global health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adverse childhood experiences and suicidality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2021Pooled it
- Dual intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Zambia and Zimbabwe.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence, risk factors and interventions to prevent violence against adolescents and youths in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, mental distress, self-harm and suicidality, and cumulative HIV risk by sex in Lesotho.Child abuse & neglect · 2024Article
- The association between youth violence and mental health outcomes in Colombia: A cross sectional analysis.Child abuse & neglect · 2024Article
- Article
- Women's socioeconomic status and attitudes toward intimate partner violence in Eswatini: A multilevel analysis.PloS one · 2023Article
- Correlates of emotional violence against children in Rwanda: Findings from a cross-sectional national survey.PloS one · 2023Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associated Mental Distress and Suicide Risk: Results From the Zambia Violence Against Children Survey.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2022Article
- Relation of parenting child abuse based on attachment styles, parenting styles, and parental addictions.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Emotional violence in childhood and health conditions, risk-taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among young adults in Nigeria.Child abuse & neglect · 2020Article
- Perceived Child Abuse and Neglect in Hospitalized Children with Special Health Care Needs in Iran.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundResearch on emotional child abuse in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. Few studies thus far have examined prevalence, risk and protective factors for emotional child abuse or the associations between emotional abuse and girls' health.
methodsA nationally representative two-stage, cluster-sampled, household survey of females aged 13-24 years (n = 1244) on childhood abuse victimisation was conducted. Participants completed interviewer-assisted questionnaires. Associations between emotional abuse and putative risk, and protective factors and health outcomes were analyzed using separate logistic regression models accounting for sampling design. Marginal effects of cumulative risk factors for emotional abuse victimisation were examined.
resultsLifetime prevalence of emotional abuse was 28.5% with 58.3% of these girls reporting many abusive incidents. The most common perpetrators were female (27.8%) and male (16.7%) relatives and, more rarely, biological parents. Risk factors associated with emotional abuse were frequent caregiver changes (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.970, poverty (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12-2.03), and physical abuse (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.45-2.71) and sexual abuse (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.57-3.10) victimisation. Being close to one's mother was a protective factor (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.97). Risk for emotional abuse increased from 13% with no risk factors present to 58.4% -with all four risk factors present. Health outcomes associated with emotional child abuse were suicidal ideation (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.30-2.63) and feeling depressed (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31-2.71).
conclusionsGirls in Swaziland experience high levels of emotional abuse victimisation. Emotional abuse is associated with economic disadvantage, family factors, other types of abuse victimisation and poor mental health. Therefore, a holistic approach to prevention is needed, incorporating poverty reduction and programmes to improve parent-child relationships, reduce the use of harsh criticism, and change parenting social norms.
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