Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2017
Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the biological, social, and environmental determinants of intellectual disability in children and adolescents.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Hippocampal subfield alterations in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of anatomic MRI studies.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPNPooled it
- Socioeconomic disparities and health-related parenting practices in shaping early infant neurodevelopment: evidence from a Chinese prospective birth cohort.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Article
- The Timing of Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impacts Neurodevelopment and Growth Trajectories During the First Year of Life.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- PROTOCOL: Association of Antenatal Cytokine Concentrations With Neurodevelopmental Disorders of the Offspring: A Scoping Review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Prenatal immune origins of brain aging differ by sex.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Household Income, Maternal Allostatic Load During Pregnancy, and Offspring With Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Maternal and child immune profiles are associated with neurometabolite measures of early-life neuroinflammation in children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected: a South African birth cohort.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
- Chronic Inflammation Offers Hints About Viable Therapeutic Targets for Preeclampsia and Potentially Related Offspring Sequelae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Prenatal maternal immune activation predicts observed fearfulness in infancy.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Can social adversity alter the epigenome, trigger oral disease, and affect future generations?Irish journal of medical science · 2024Review
- Assessing prenatal and early childhood social and environmental determinants of health in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study (HBCD).Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2024Article
- IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Sleep and circadian rhythms during pregnancy, social disadvantage, and alterations in brain development in neonates.Developmental science · 2024Article
- Prenatal exposure to maternal disadvantage-related inflammatory biomarkers: associations with neonatal white matter microstructure.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Interleukin-23 levels in umbilical cord blood are associated with neurodevelopmental trajectories in infancy.PloS one · 2024Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure, offspring visual acuity and autonomic nervous system function in 6-month-old infants.Environment international · 2024Article
- Placental inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and preschool children's cognitive performance: a birth cohort study in China.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Associations between prenatal maternal stress, maternal inflammation during pregnancy, and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms throughout childhood.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Children raised in economically disadvantaged households face increased risks of poor health in adulthood, suggesting that inequalities in health have early origins. From the child's perspective, exposure to economic hardship may begin as early as conception, potentially via maternal neuroendocrine-immune responses to prenatal stressors, which adversely impact neurodevelopment. Here we investigate whether socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with gestational immune activity and whether such activity is associated with abnormalities among offspring during infancy. We analyzed concentrations of five immune markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) in maternal serum from 1,494 participants in the New England Family Study in relation to the level of maternal socioeconomic disadvantage and their involvement in offspring neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo and 1 y of age. Median concentrations of IL-8 were lower in the most disadvantaged pregnancies [-1.53 log(pg/mL); 95% CI: -1.81, -1.25]. Offspring of these pregnancies had significantly higher risk of neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo [odds ratio (OR) = 4.61; CI = 2.84, 7.48] and 1 y (OR = 2.05; CI = 1.08, 3.90). This higher risk was accounted for in part by fetal exposure to lower maternal IL-8, which also predicted higher risks of neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo (OR = 7.67; CI = 4.05, 14.49) and 1 y (OR = 2.92; CI = 1.46, 5.87). Findings support the role of maternal immune activity in fetal neurodevelopment, exacerbated in part by socioeconomic disadvantage. This finding reveals a potential pathophysiologic pathway involved in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.