ReviewMolecular and cellular endocrinology2018
Use of growth hormone, IGF-I, and insulin for anabolic purpose: Pharmacological basis, methods of detection, and adverse effects.
Review in Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exercise interventions and serum IGF-1 levels in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Implications of the Enhanced Games: Performance Enhancing Drugs in Competition and Recreation.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Cardiomyopathy in women with acromegaly: clinical characteristics and associated factors in a Colombian multicenter registry.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Association Between Body Mass Index and the Composition of Leucocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma: Implications for Personalized Approaches in Musculoskeletal Medicine.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Reversible Gynecomastia and Hypogonadism Due to Usage of Commercial Performance-Enhancing Supplement Use.JCEM case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Early detection and assessment of intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a comprehensive review.Acute and critical care · 2023Article
- Detection of synthetic analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1 in different biological fluids by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: comparison of different immunoaffinity protocols.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2023Article
- Review
- Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Management of Neurological Disorders.Neurotoxicity research · 2022Review
- Article
- The Other Face of Insulin-Overdose and Its Effects.Toxics · 2022Review
- IGF-1 as a Potential Therapy for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Article
- Use of androgens at different stages of life: reproductive period.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2021Article
- Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2021Review
- Endogenous Repair and Regeneration of Injured Articular Cartilage: A Challenging but Promising Therapeutic Strategy.Aging and disease · 2021Review
- Emerging Treatment Options for Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hormones with anabolic properties such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and insulin are commonly abused among professional and recreational athletes to enhance physical ability. Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) such as these are also commonly used by recreational athletes to improve body aesthetics. The perception of increased muscle mass due to supraphysiologic hormone supplementation, or doping, is widespread among PED users despite a paucity of evidence-based data in humans. Even still, athletes will continue to abuse PEDs in hopes of replicating anecdotal results. It is important to educate the general public and potential treating physicians of the risks of PED use, including the dangers of polypharmacy and substance dependence. It will also be important for the research community to address the common challenges associated with studying PED use such as the ethical considerations of PED administration, the general reticence of the PED-using community to volunteer information, and the constant need to improve or create new detection methods as athletes continually attempt to circumvent current methods. This review highlights the anabolic mechanisms and suggestive data implicating GH, IGF-I, and insulin for use as PEDs, the specific detection methods with cutoff ranges that may be utilized to diagnose abuse of each substance, and their respective side effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.