ArticleOncogenesis2017
Proline-Rich Homeodomain protein (PRH/HHEX) is a suppressor of breast tumour growth.
Article in Oncogenesis, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptome meta-analysis and validation to discovery of hub genes and pathways in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.BMC nephrology · 2024Pooled it
- Lessons from In Utero and Postnatal Exposure to Pesticide DDT: Mechanisms of Chromaffin Cell Vulnerability and Altered Catecholamine Homeostasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- The HHEX-ABI2/SLC17A9 axis induces cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis in HCC.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- CENPA knockdown restrains cell progression and tumor growth in breast cancer by reducing PLA2R1 promoter methylation and modulating PLA2R1/HHEX axis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- The Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox transcription factor: roles in development, physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- CK2-induced cooperation of HHEX with the YAP-TEAD4 complex promotes colorectal tumorigenesis.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Hhex inhibits cell migration via regulating RHOA/CDC42-CFL1 axis in human lung cancer cells.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2021Article
- Article
- Targeting protein kinase CK2 in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2021Review
- Suppression of Cell Tumorigenicity by Non-neural Pro-differentiation Factors via Inhibition of Neural Property in Tumorigenic Cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Blood platelets stimulate cancer extravasation through TGFβ-mediated downregulation of PRH/HHEX.Oncogenesis · 2020Article
- Clinicopathological Significances of Cancer Stem Cell-Associated HHEX Expression in Breast Cancer.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
- Deregulated NKL Homeobox Genes in B-Cell Lymphoma.Cancers · 2019Review
- HHEX is a transcriptional regulator of the VEGFC/FLT4/PROX1 signaling axis during vascular development.Nature communications · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast tumours progress from hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain/haematopoietically expressed homeobox) is a transcription factor that displays both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activity in different disease contexts; however, the role of PRH in breast cancer is poorly understood. Here we show that nuclear localization of the PRH protein is decreased in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. Our previous work has shown that PRH phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2 prevents PRH from binding to DNA and regulating the transcription of multiple genes encoding growth factors and growth factor receptors. Here we show that transcriptionally inactive phosphorylated PRH is elevated in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. To determine the consequences of PRH loss of function in breast cancer cells, we generated inducible PRH depletion in MCF-7 cells. We show that PRH depletion results in increased MCF-7 cell proliferation in part at least due to increased vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Moreover, we demonstrate that PRH depletion increases the formation of breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, and in keeping with these findings, we show that PRH overexpression inhibits the growth of mammary tumours in mice. Collectively, these data indicate that PRH plays a tumour suppressive role in the breast and they provide an explanation for the finding that low PRH mRNA levels are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.