ReviewFrontiers in oncology2017
Estrogen Effects on the Mammary Gland in Early and Late Life and Breast Cancer Risk.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 210 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lifecourse genome-wide association study meta-analysis refines the critical life stages for adiposity's influence on breast cancer risk.Science advances · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- Association between prediabetes and breast cancer: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Pooled it
- Exploring UK breastmilk donors' perspectives on breastfeeding as a protective factor against breast cancer: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- PCOS and breast cancer risk: hormonal modulation and epidemiological trends.Reproductive health · 2026Review
- The Future of Breast Cancer Treatment: From Conventional Wisdom to Nanotechnology-Enabled Precision.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Worse Clinical and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients Living in Puerto Rico Compared to Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites from Florida.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Recent Developments in Vesicular Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Estrogen-Driven Breast Carcinogenesis in a Rat Model is Linked to Retroelement Activation and Inflammation and is Susceptible to Lamivudine Treatment.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis of mitophagy-related genes reveals prognostic signatures in breast cancer: based on immune landscapes and treatment target predict.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Social inequalities in survival among women with breast cancer in southeastern Brazil: a retrospective cohort study.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2026Article
- Does ovarian stimulation accelerate the progression of BI-RADS categories? a propensity score matching-based retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Field cancerization, accelerated aging, and immunosuppression: the rapid rise of hormone-sensitive and early-onset breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Review
- Recent strategies in diagnosis, screening, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer in young women.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Innovative nanodelivery systems for targeted breast cancer therapy: overcoming drug delivery challenges and exploring future perspectives.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Eugenol: An Insight Into the Anticancer Perspective and Pharmacological Aspects.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Anticancer Molecular Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin Gallate: An Updated Review on Clinical Trials.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- An Updated Review of the Anticancer Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Risk of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: Insights gained by multi-omics.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Unraveling the role of withanolides as key modulators in breast cancer mitigation.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A woman has an increased risk of breast cancer if her lifelong estrogen exposure is increased due to an early menarche, a late menopause, and/or an absence of childbearing. For decades, it was presumed that the number of years of exposure drove the increased risk, however, recent epidemiological data have shown that early life exposure (young menarche) has a more significant effect on cancer risk than late menopause. Thus, rather than the overall exposure it seems that the timing of hormone exposure plays a major role in defining breast cancer risk. In support of this, it is also known that aberrant hormonal exposure prior to puberty can also increase breast cancer risk, yet the elevated estrogen levels during pregnancy decrease breast cancer risk. This suggests that the effects of estrogen on the mammary gland/breast are age-dependent. In this review article, we will discuss the existing epidemiological data linking hormone exposure and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk including menarche, menopause, parity, and aberrant environmental hormone exposure. We will discuss the predominantly rodent generated experimental data that confirm the association with hormone exposure and breast cancer risk, confirming its use as a model system. We will review the work that has been done attempting to define the direct effects of estrogen on the breast, which are beginning to reveal the mechanism of increased cancer risk. We will then conclude with our views on the most pertinent questions to be addressed experimentally in order to explore the relationship between age, estrogen exposure, and breast cancer risk.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.