ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2017
The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06359197 (Feasibility Study for Investigating the Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Protein Biomarkers Related to Cardiovascular Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 209 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Feasibility Study for Investigating the Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Protein Biomarkers Related to Cardiovascular Disease
Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 523 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 1: The Effects of Caffeine on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of caffeine on neuroinflammation in anxiety and depression: a systematic review of rodent studies.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Energy Drinks on the Cardiovascular System: A Systematic Review.Current cardiology reports · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- The contradictory effects of coffee intake on periodontal health: a systematic review of experimental and observational studies.F1000Research · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide association meta-analysis of DNA methylation with coffee and tea consumption.Nature communications · 2021Pooled it
- Associations Between Caffeine Consumption, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia: A Systematic Review.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Pooled it
- A study on the differences in recovery effects of different types of nutritional supplements on competitive performance of esports athletes under mental fatigue.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Trial
- A full-spectrum aqueous extract of black cardamom (Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Trial
- The effectiveness and neurobiological actions of memory bias modification: a randomized controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2025Trial
- Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial.Sleep · 2025Trial
- Acute Effects of Oral Caffeine Intake on Human Global-Flash mfERG Responses: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked, Balanced Crossover Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Trial
- Methylliberine Ingestion Improves Various Indices of Affect but Not Cognitive Function in Healthy Men and Women.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- A moderate dosage of coffee causes acute retinal capillary perfusion decrease in healthy young individuals.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Trial
- Effects of Caffeine Intake on Cardiopulmonary Variables and QT Interval after a Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.BioMed research international · 2022Trial
- The effect of caffeine on tinnitus: Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.PloS one · 2021Trial
- The effects of caffeine on olfactory function and mood: an exploratory study.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Cocoa-Rich Chocolate and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to promote arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood. Over the past decade, the introduction of new caffeine-containing food products, as well as changes in consumption patterns of the more traditional sources of caffeine, has increased scrutiny by health authorities and regulatory bodies about the overall consumption of caffeine and its potential cumulative effects on behavior and physiology. Of particular concern is the rate of caffeine intake among populations potentially vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine consumption: pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents, young adults, and people with underlying heart or other health conditions, such as mental illness. Here, we review the research into the safety and safe doses of ingested caffeine in healthy and in vulnerable populations. We report that, for healthy adults, caffeine consumption is relatively safe, but that for some vulnerable populations, caffeine consumption could be harmful, including impairments in cardiovascular function, sleep, and substance use. We also identified several gaps in the literature on which we based recommendations for the future of caffeine research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.