ArticleCurrent biology : CB2017
A bHLH Code for Sexually Dimorphic Form and Function of the C. elegans Somatic Gonad.
Article in Current biology : CB, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF4 recruits the Mediator Complex to activate gonadal genes and drive ovarian development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- FLYWCH transcription factors act in a LIN-42/Period autoregulatory loop during gonad migration inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neurogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.Genetics · 2024Review
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- Identifying Molecular Roadblocks for Transcription Factor-Induced Cellular Reprogramming In Vivo by UsingJournal of developmental biology · 2023Review
- Cell-specific effects of the sole C. elegans Daughterless/E protein homolog, HLH-2, on nervous system development.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Influences of HLH-2 stability on anchor cell fate specification during Caenorhabditis elegans gonadogenesis.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
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- Formation of artificial chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans and analyses of their segregation in mitosis, DNA sequence composition and holocentromere organization.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- The Evolution of Rag Gene Enhancers and Transcription Factor E and Id Proteins in the Adaptive Immune System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Positive autoregulation ofDevelopment (Cambridge, England) · 2020Article
- A developmental gene regulatory network forDevelopment (Cambridge, England) · 2020Article
- To Divide or Invade: A Look Behind the Scenes of the Proliferation-Invasion Interplay in theFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Developmental Plasticity and Cellular Reprogramming inGenetics · 2019Review
- Sexual dimorphism of niche architecture and regulation of theMolecular biology of the cell · 2019Article
- Helix-loop-helix proteins and the advent of cellular diversity: 30 years of discovery.Genes & development · 2019Review
- A tissue-specific enhancer of the C. elegans nhr-67/tailless gene drives coordinated expression in uterine stem cells and the differentiated anchor cell.Gene expression patterns : GEP · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
How sexually dimorphic gonads are generated is a fundamental question at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology [1-3]. In C. elegans, sexual dimorphism in gonad form and function largely originates in different apportionment of roles to three regulatory cells of the somatic gonad primordium in young larvae. Their essential roles include leading gonad arm outgrowth, serving as the germline niche, connecting to epithelial openings, and organizing reproductive organ development. The development and function of the regulatory cells in both sexes requires the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor HLH-2, the sole ortholog of the E proteins mammalian E2A and Drosophila Daughterless [4-8], yet how they adopt different fates to execute their different roles has been unknown. Here, we show that each regulatory cell expresses a distinct complement of bHLH-encoding genes-and therefore distinct HLH-2:bHLH dimers-and formulate a "bHLH code" hypothesis for regulatory cell identity. We support this hypothesis by showing that the bHLH gene complement is both necessary and sufficient to confer particular regulatory cell fates. Strikingly, prospective regulatory cells can be directly reprogrammed into other regulatory cell types simply by loss or ectopic expression of bHLH genes, and male-to-female and female-to-male transformations indicate that the code is instructive for sexual dimorphism. The bHLH code appears to be embedded in a bow-tie regulatory architecture [9, 10], wherein sexual, positional, temporal, and lineage inputs connect through bHLH genes to diverse outputs for terminal features and provides a plausible mechanism for the evolutionary plasticity of gonad form seen in nematodes [11-15].
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.