Observational studyObstetrics and gynecology2017
Associations of Parity, Breastfeeding, and Fractures in the Women's Health Observational Study.
Observational study in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between breastfeeding and osteoporotic hip fracture in women: a dose-response meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2020Pooled it
- Parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding, and risk of major osteoporotic fractures in middle-aged women. The HUNT study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Postpartum timing of teriparatide initiation and BMD response in pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis: an observational study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Observational
- Parity and lactation cause transient bone loss but are not risk factors for osteoporosis later in life.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2025Article
- Recovery of BMD after pregnancy and breastfeeding-a 10-yr prospective observational study of 25-yr-old women.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2025Observational
- Pregnancy and Lactation Associated Bone Fragility.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Review
- [Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis: risk factors and treatment].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2025Article
- Pregnancy- and lactation-related bone fragility: The hidden risk.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2025Review
- Potential impact of obstetric history on postmenopausal fragility fracture risk: A reassessment of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool.Joint diseases and related surgery · 2025Article
- Article
- HR-pQCT reveals marked trabecular and cortical structural deficits in women with pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO).Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2024Article
- Early menopause and weight loss are significant factors associated with risk of future fracture in middle-aged women.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
- Dilemmas in the Management of Osteoporosis in Younger Adults.JBMR plus · 2022Review
- Bone Mineral Density Changes Associated With Pregnancy, Lactation, and Medical Treatments in Premenopausal Women and Effects Later in Life.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2021Review
- Association Between Parity and Low Bone Density Among Postmenopausal Korean Women.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2021Article
- Parenthood and risk of hip fracture: a 10-year follow-up prospective study of middle-aged women and men in China.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2020Article
- Female reproductive factors and risk of external causes of death among women: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study).Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Association of breastfeeding and postmenopausal osteoporosis in Chinese women: a community-based retrospective study.BMC women's health · 2019Article
- The puzzle of lactational bone physiology: osteocytes masquerade as osteoclasts and osteoblasts.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Article
- An Evaluation of the Association of Reproductive History and Multiple Births during Adolescence with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine associations of several aspects of parity and history of lactation with incident hip fractures and clinical fractures and, in a subset of women, with bone mineral density.
methodsIn this observational study, we analyzed data from 93,676 postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and all bone density data from the subset of participants who underwent bone density testing at three clinical centers. At baseline, participants were aged 50-79 years. Using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, we examined associations of fracture incidence and bone density with several aspects of parity (number of pregnancies, age at first pregnancy lasting 6 months or greater, and number of pregnancies lasting 6 months or greater) and breastfeeding (number of episodes of breastfeeding for at least 1 month, number of children breastfed, age when first breastfed, age when last breastfed, total number of months breastfed).
resultsThe mean baseline age (standard deviation) of participants was 64 (±7.4) years (mean follow-up 7.9 years). During follow-up, the incident rate of hip fracture was 1.27%. Ten percent of participants were nulligravid. In fully adjusted models, number of pregnancies, parity, age at first birth, number of children breastfed, age at first breastfeeding, age at last breastfeeding, and total duration of breastfeeding were not statistically significantly associated with hip fracture incidence. There were no consistent associations of parity or lactation characteristics with overall clinical fracture risk or bone density. However, compared with never breastfeeding, a history of breastfeeding for at least 1 month was associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture (yes compared with no, hazard ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.73-0.98).
conclusionPatterns of parity and history of lactation were largely unrelated to fracture risk or bone density.
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