ReviewPharmaceutical research2017
Metformin - a Future Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla.
Review in Pharmaceutical research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 246 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-diabetic agents and the risks of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of hypoglycemic drugs in improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Role of metformin in overweight and obese people without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- Relationship between Insulin Levels and Nonpsychotic Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neural plasticity · 2017Pooled it
- Effect of Metformin on Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Non-Diabetic Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Related to Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Trial
- The Antidiabetic Metformin as an Adjunct to Antidepressants in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2020Trial
- GABA as an Overlooked Mediator of Metformin Action: GABA-mediated Neuropsychiatric and Hepatoprotective Activities of Metformin.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Review
- Associations of complement proteins and immunoglobulins with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Article
- Metformin Restores Mitochondrial Function and Neurogenesis in POLG Patient-Derived Brain Organoids.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Alcohol Interference with Hippocampal Neurogenesis and its Repair Strategies.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Metformin protects retinal ganglion cells in a preclinical model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury and stabilizes visual field in diabetic patients with glaucoma.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Metformin's protection against blood-brain barrier disruption and neuronal dysfunction under oxygen-glucose deprivation and tobacco smoke and e-vape chemical exposure.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Metformin as a potential neuroprotective agent that influence Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Neuroprotective effects of semaglutide and metformin against rotenone-induced neurobehavioral changes in male diabetic rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Repurposing Caffeine, Metformin, and Furosemide to Target Schizophrenia-Related Impairments in a Triple-Hit Rat Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Metabolite-Based Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Dynamics Simulations to Preliminarily Verify Treating Diabetic Encephalopathy Effect of Kuwanon G.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Activation of AMPK by GLP-1R agonists mitigates Alzheimer-related phenotypes in transgenic mice.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Comparative efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents in Alzheimer's disease: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Effects of metformin use on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex, chronic and progressive metabolic disease, which is characterized by relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and high glucose levels in blood. Esteemed published articles and epidemiological data exhibit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in diabetic pateints. Metformin is the most frequently used oral anti-diabetic drug, which apart from hypoglycaemic activity, improves serum lipid profiles, positively influences the process of haemostasis, and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, scientists have put their efforts in establishing metformin's role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease. Results of several clinical studies confirm that long term use of metformin in diabetic patients contributes to better cognitive function, compared to participants using other anti-diabetic drugs. The exact mechanism of metformin's advantageous activity in AD is not fully understood, but scientists claim that activation of AMPK-dependent pathways in human neural stem cells might be responsible for the neuroprotective activity of metformin. Metformin was also found to markedly decease Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein expression and activity in cell culture models and in vivo, thereby reducing BACE1 cleavage products and the production of Aβ (β-amyloid). Furthermore, there is also some evidence that metformin decreases the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter involved in the process of learning and memory. In regard to the beneficial effects of metformin, its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties cannot be omitted. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that metformin ameliorates oxidative damage.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.