ArticlePsychopharmacology2017
Effects of ketamine on the unconditioned and conditioned locomotor activity of preadolescent and adolescent rats: impact of age, sex, and drug dose.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- The dopaminergic effects of esketamine are mediated by a dual mechanism involving glutamate and opioid receptors.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- A new module in the drug development process: preclinical multi-center randomized controlled trial of R-ketamine on alcohol relapse.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Article
- Insights for the Next Generation of Ketamine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Acute stress alters recognition memory and AMPA/NMDA receptor subunits in a sex-dependent manner.Neurobiology of stress · 2023Article
- Sex differences in the functional topography of association networks in youth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Effects of an intravenous ketamine infusion on inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Article
- Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in the Behavioral, Molecular, and Structural Effects of Ketamine Treatment in Depression.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Acute (Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Ketamine abrogates sensorimotor deficits and cytokine dysregulation in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine differentially affect memory as a function of dosing frequency.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Pharmacological and behavioral divergence of ketamine enantiomers: implications for abuse liability.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Article
- Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2021Review
- Effects of repeated RU 24969 treatment on the locomotor activity, motoric capacity, and axillary temperatures of male and female preweanling rats.Behavioural brain research · 2021Article
- The protective effect of olanzapine on ketamine induced cognitive deficit and increased NR1 expression in rat model of schizophrenia.International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology · 2021Article
- Metabolite activity in the anterior cingulate cortex during a painful stimulus using functional MRS.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Ketamine beyond anesthesia: Antidepressant effects and abuse potential.Behavioural brain research · 2020Article
- MK801-induced locomotor activity in preweanling and adolescent male and female rats: role of the dopamine and serotonin systems.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleKetamine is used by preadolescent and adolescent humans for licit and illicit purposes.
objectiveThe goal of the present study was to determine the effects of acute and repeated ketamine treatment on the unconditioned behaviors and conditioned locomotor activity of preadolescent and adolescent rats.
methodsTo assess unconditioned behaviors, female and male rats were injected with ketamine (5-40 mg/kg), and distance traveled was measured on postnatal day (PD) 21-25 or PD 41-45. To assess conditioned activity, male and female rats were injected with saline or ketamine in either a novel test chamber or the home cage on PD 21-24 or PD 41-44. One day later, rats were injected with saline and conditioned activity was assessed.
resultsKetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in the locomotor activity of preadolescent and adolescent rats. Preadolescent rats did not exhibit sex differences, but ketamine-induced locomotor activity was substantially stronger in adolescent females than males. Repeated ketamine treatment neither caused a day-dependent increase in locomotor activity nor produced conditioned activity in preadolescent or adolescent rats.
conclusionsThe activity-enhancing effects of ketamine are consistent with the actions of an indirect dopamine agonist, while the inability of ketamine to induce conditioned activity is unlike what is observed after repeated cocaine or amphetamine treatment. This dichotomy could be due to ketamine's ability to both enhance DA neurotransmission and antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Additional research will be necessary to parse out the relative contributions of DA and NMDA system functioning when assessing the behavioral effects of ketamine during early ontogeny.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.