ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2017
Elevated glutamate and lactate predict brain death after severe head trauma.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical Studies.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Fumarate Hydratase Lactylation Exacerbates Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology via Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Blockade of Presynaptic αNeurochemical research · 2026Article
- Synaptic Pathology in Traumatic Brain Injury and Therapeutic Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A Pharmacological Perspective on Targeting the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Subunit αNeurochemical research · 2025Review
- Biological Plausibility of Using Plasma Amino Acid Profile Determination as a Potential Biomarker for Pediatric Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Regulation of L-Lactate in Glutamate Excitotoxicity Under Cerebral Ischemia: Pathophysiology and Preventive Strategy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Nandrolone Abuse Prior to Head Trauma Mitigates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Deficits, and Markers of Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Pharmacological Blockade of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Reduces the Incidence of Brain Tumors Induced by Prenatal Exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in Rats.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Lactate Is a Strong Predictor of Poor Outcomes in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Biomarkers and Endophenotypes of Post-traumatic Headaches.Current pain and headache reports · 2024Review
- BDNF: New Views of an Old Player in Traumatic Brain Injury.The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry · 2024Review
- Metabolomics in severe traumatic brain injury: a scoping review.BMC neuroscience · 2023Article
- Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Microglial immunometabolism in traumatic brain injury.Journal of neurochemistry · 2023Review
- Lower and higher volumes of physical exercise build up brain reserves against memory deficits triggered by a head injury in mice.Experimental neurology · 2023Article
- The role of astrocytic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Substantially elevated serum glutamate and CSF GOT-1 levels associated with cerebral ischemia and poor neurological outcomes in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The combination of arterial lactate level with GCS-pupils score to evaluate short term prognosis in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study.BMC neurology · 2022Article
- Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Destruction of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Key Pathways for the Development of Neuropsychiatric Consequences of TBI and Their Potential Treatment Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Secondary Mechanisms of Neurotrauma: A Closer Look at the Evidence.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveClinical neurological assessment is challenging for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the acute setting. Waves of neurochemical abnormalities that follow TBI may serve as fluid biomarkers of neurological status. We assessed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glutamate, lactate, BDNF, and GDNF, to identify potential prognostic biomarkers of neurological outcome.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in a total of 20 consecutive patients (mean [SD] age, 29 [13] years; M/F, 9:1) with severe TBI Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8 and abnormal computed tomography scan on admission. Patients were submitted to ventricular drainage and had CSF collected between 2 and 4 h after hospital admission. Patients were then stratified according to two clinical outcomes: deterioration to brain death (nonsurvival,
resultsGlutamate and lactate are significantly increased in nonsurvival relative to survival patients. We tested the accuracy of both biomarkers to discriminate patient outcome. Setting a cutoff of >57.75, glutamate provides 80.0% of sensitivity and 84.62% of specificity (AUC: 0.8214, 95% CL: 54.55-98.08%; and a cutoff of >4.65, lactate has 100% of sensitivity and 85.71% of specificity (AUC: 0.8810, 95% CL: 54.55-98.08%). BDNF and GDNF did not discriminate poor outcome.
interpretationThis early study suggests that glutamate and lactate concentrations at hospital admission accurately predict death within 3 days after severe TBI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.