ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2017
Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and myopic refractive error: a Mendelian randomization study.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Vitamin D Genetic Risk Score with Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Advances in the genetics of refractive errors: Contributions from the CREAM consortium.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Review
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Objective Biomarkers of Outdoor Activity (Vitamin D and CUVAF) in Young Adults with Myopia During and After the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Childhood Myopia Part II: Treatment Mechanisms, Emerging Options, and Considerations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Correlation between longitudinal serum vitamin D levels and myopia in children: a prospective birth cohort analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Causal effect of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration on ocular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Risk of inappropriate causal inference in Mendelian randomization studies on myopia.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Application of mendelian randomization in ocular diseases: a review.Human genomics · 2024Review
- Myopia Control: Are We Ready for an Evidence Based Approach?Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
- Mendelian Randomisation Analysis of Causal Association between Lifestyle, Health Factors, and Keratoconus.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nutritional intake, environmental factors, and their impact on myopia prevalence in Korean children aged 5-12 years.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Vitamin D levels and risk of ocular disorders: insights from bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Association between micronutrients and myopia in American adolescents: evidence from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Calcipotriol Attenuates Form Deprivation Myopia Through a Signaling Pathway Parallel to TGF-β2-Induced Increases in Collagen Expression.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Parallelism between hypovitaminosis D3 and recently detected myopia in children with amplified screen use in the COVID-19 era-A preliminary study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Mendelian randomization analyses in ocular disease: a powerful approach to causal inference with human genetic data.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Vitamin D, the Vitamin D Receptor, Calcitriol Analogues and Their Link with Ocular Diseases.Nutrients · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 18 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Myopia prevalence has increased in the past 20 years, with many studies linking the increase to reduced time spent outdoors. A number of recent observational studies have shown an inverse association between vitamin D [25(OH)D] serum levels and myopia. However, in such studies it is difficult to separate the effects of time outdoors and vitamin D levels. In this work we use Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess if genetically determined 25(OH)D levels contribute to the degree of myopia. Methods: We performed MR using results from a meta-analysis of refractive error (RE) genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included 37 382 and 8 376 adult participants of European and Asian ancestry, respectively, published by the Consortium for Refractive Error And Myopia (CREAM). We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DHCR7, CYP2R1, GC and CYP24A1 genes with known effects on 25(OH)D concentration as instrumental variables (IV). We estimated the effect of 25(OH)D on myopia level using a Wald-type ratio estimator based on the effect estimates from the CREAM GWAS. Results: Using the combined effect attributed to the four SNPs, the estimate for the effect of 25(OH)D on refractive error was -0.02 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.09, 0.04] dioptres (D) per 10 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D concentration in Caucasians and 0.01 (95% CI -0.17, 0.19) D per 10 nmol/l increase in Asians. Conclusions: The tight confidence intervals on our estimates suggest the true contribution of vitamin D levels to degree of myopia is very small and indistinguishable from zero. Previous findings from observational studies linking vitamin D levels to myopia were likely attributable to the effects of confounding by time spent outdoors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.