SynthesisPloS one2017
Opium and bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the odds ratios for opium use and the risk of bladder cancer.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- The significant impact of opium use on various types of cancer: an updated - systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The carcinogenicity of opium consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Opium Use and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Opium Usage and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2021Pooled it
- μ-opioid receptor agonist facilitates circulating tumor cell formation in bladder cancer via the MOR/AKT/Slug pathway: a comprehensive study including randomized controlled trial.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Interaction between opium use and cigarette smoking on bladder cancer: An inverse probability weighting approach based on a multicenter case-control study in Iran.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Effect of Opioid Use on Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Addiction & health · 2025Review
- Association between opioids use and risk of multiple cancers: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Journal of anesthesia and translational medicine · 2024Article
- Cancer patterns in Iran: a gender-specific spatial modelling of cancer incidence during 2014-2017.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Prevalence and associated factors for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults in the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study (PGCS).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Effects of Opium on the Expression ofBladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Opium alkaloids, biosynthesis, pharmacology and association with cancer occurrence.Open biology · 2023Review
- Promoter Methylation of TwoAddiction & health · 2023Article
- Opium use and risk of bladder cancer: a multi-centre case-referent study in Iran.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- The Role of Adjuvant Single Postoperative Instillation of Gemcitabine for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Andrographolide Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer Cells by Interfering with NF- κ B and PI3K/AKT Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2022Article
- Comparative evaluation of BMI-1 proto-oncogene expression in normal tissue, adenoma and papillary carcinoma of human thyroid in pathology samples.BMC research notes · 2021Article
- Opium use reporting error in case-control studies: neighborhood controls versus hospital visitor controls.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2021Article
- Opium and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: a case-control studyTurkish journal of medical sciences · 2020Article
- Genetic and molecular biology of bladder cancer among Iranian patients.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe association between opium use and bladder cancer has been investigated in many studies, with varying reporting results reported. This study aims to estimate the total odds ratio for the association between bladder cancer and opium consumption using meta-analysis.
methodsThe study was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent researchers searched for the relevant studies using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, OVID, Embase, and Google Scholar. After systematic screening of the studies identified during the first step, Cochrane risk of bias tool was determined for the selected studies. The case-control and the cohort studies were investigated to assess risk of bladder cancer due to opium use. In addition, the cross-sectional studies were analysed separately to assess frequency of opium consumption. These estimates were combined using the inverse variance method. Fixed or random effect models were applied to combine the point odds ratios. The heterogeneity between the primary results was assessed using the Cochran test and I-square index. The suspected factors for heterogeneity were investigated using meta-regression models. An Egger test was conducted to identify any probable publication bias. Forest plots illustrated the point and pooled estimates. All analyses were performed using Stata version 14 software and RevMan version 5.3.
resultsWe included 17 primary studies (11 case-control, one cohort and five cross-sectional) in the final meta-analysis. The total odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for developing bladder cancer by opium use alone, and concurrent use of opium and cigarettes were estimated as 3.85 (3.05-4.87) and 5.7 (1.9-16.3) respectively. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for opium use with or without cigarette smoking was estimated as 5.3 (3.6-7.7).
conclusionThis meta-analysis showed that opium use similar to cigarette smoking and maybe with similar mechanisms can be a risk factor for bladder cancer. It is therefore expected to be a risk factor for other cancers.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.