ArticleBMC psychiatry2017
In-patient costs of agitation and containment in a mental health catchment area.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk assessment for aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Cytokines in agitated and non-agitated patients admitted to an acute psychiatric department: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Economic data on interventions for reducing aggression and restrictive interventions in inpatient mental health: a systematic review.International journal of mental health systems · 2025Review
- Mapping Violent Behaviors and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Male Psychiatric Inpatients from a Network Perspective.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2023Article
- Incidence, Severity and Characteristics of Patients' Aggression in Acute Psychiatric Wards: Data from a Slovenian National Survey.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2023Article
- Determinants and Characteristics of the Violent Incidents in a Tertiary-Level Mental Health Care Center.Journal of neurosciences in rural practice · 2022Article
- Role of occupational therapy in reducing and managing violence among mental health inpatients: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Recognition and management of agitation in acute mental health services: a qualitative evaluation of staff perceptions.BMC nursing · 2020Article
- Cost-effectiveness of midostaurin in the treatment of newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia in France.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2020Article
- Time from the Admission as the Predictor of Aggressive Behavior of Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2020Article
- Prescription practices in the treatment of agitation in newly hospitalized Chinese schizophrenia patients: data from a non-interventional naturalistic study.BMC psychiatry · 2019Observational
- Inhaled Loxapine for the Management of Acute Agitation in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: Expert Review and Commentary in an Era of Change.Drugs in R&D · 2019Review
- Article
- The Place of Social Recovery in Mental Health and Related Services.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Review
- Characterizing the experience of agitation in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2018Article
- A survey of caregiver burden in those providing informal care for patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with agitation: results from a European study.Annals of general psychiatry · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is a scarce number of studies on the cost of agitation and containment interventions and their results are still inconclusive. We aimed to calculate the economic consequences of agitation events in an in-patient psychiatric facility providing care for an urban catchment area.
methodsA mixed approach combining secondary analysis of clinical databases, surveys and expert knowledge was used to model the 2013 direct costs of agitation and containment events for adult inpatients with mental disorders in an area of 640,572 adult inhabitants in South Barcelona (Spain). To calculate costs, a seven-step methodology with novel definition of agitation was used along with a staff survey, a database of containment events, and data on aggressive incidents. A micro-costing analysis of specific containment interventions was used to estimate both prevalence and direct costs from the healthcare provider perspective, by means of a mixed approach with a probabilistic model evaluated on real data. Due to the complex interaction of the multivariate covariances, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to have empirical bounds of variability.
resultsDuring 2013, 918 patients were admitted to the Acute Inpatient Unit. Of these, 52.8% were men, with a mean age of 44.6 years (SD = 15.5), 74.4% were compulsory admissions, 40.1% were diagnosed with schizophrenia or non-affective psychosis, with a mean length of stay of 24.6 days (SD = 16.9). The annual estimate of total agitation events was 508. The cost of containment interventions ranges from 282€ at the lowest level of agitation to 822€ when verbal containment plus seclusion and restraint have to be used. The annual total cost of agitation was 280,535€, representing 6.87% of the total costs of acute hospitalisation in the local area.
conclusionsAgitation events are frequent and costly. Strategies to reduce their number and severity should be implemented to reduce costs to the Health System and alleviate patient suffering.
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