ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2017
Live imaging of the innate immune response in neonates reveals differential TLR2 dependent activation patterns in sterile inflammation and infection.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multifaceted Immune Effects of the Scavenger Receptor CD36 on Long-Term Outcomes After Neonatal Arterial Focal Stroke.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Neonatal NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Leads to Perineuronal Net Deficits in Early Adulthood.Developmental neurobiology · 2025Article
- Olfactory Development and Dysfunction: Involvement of Microglia.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
- Chronic Inflammation Offers Hints About Viable Therapeutic Targets for Preeclampsia and Potentially Related Offspring Sequelae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Impact of perinatal factors on T cells and transcriptomic changes in preterm infant brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Targeting SRSF3 restores immune mRNA translation in microglia/macrophages following cerebral ischemia.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Experimental Perinatal and Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke.Stroke · 2024Review
- CD36 neutralisation blunts TLR2-IRF7 but not IRF3 pathway in neonatal mouse brain and immature human microglia following innate immune challenge.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Peripheral immune cells and perinatal brain injury: a double-edged sword?Pediatric research · 2022Review
- Microglia-leucocyte axis in cerebral ischaemia and inflammation in the developing brain.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2021Review
- How to Select Firefly Luciferin Analogues for In Vivo Imaging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Transcriptome Analysis of Microglia Reveals That the TLR2/IRF7 Signaling Axis Mediates Neuroinflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- TLR2 regulates angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and EndMT through NF-κB signaling.Aging · 2020Article
- Review
- Neonatal Stroke and TLR1/2 Ligand Recruit Myeloid Cells through the Choroid Plexus in a CX3CR1-CCR2- and Context-Specific Manner.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020Article
- Reducing Th2 inflammation through neutralizing IL-4 antibody rescues myelination in IUGR rat brain.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2019Article
- Expression and function of Toll‑like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Molecular medicine reports · 2019Article
- Microglia and Neonatal Brain Injury.Neuroscience · 2019Review
- Age-related deregulation of TDP-43 after stroke enhances NF-κB-mediated inflammation and neuronal damage.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- Positive and negative conditioning in the neonatal brain.Conditioning medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Activation of microglial cells in response to brain injury and/or immune stimuli is associated with a marked induction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While in adult brain, the contribution of individual TLRs, including TLR2, in pathophysiological cascades has been well established, their role and spatial and temporal induction patterns in immature brain are far less understood. To examine whether infectious stimuli and sterile inflammatory stimuli trigger distinct TLR2-mediated innate immune responses, we used three models in postnatal day 9 (P9) mice, a model of infection induced by systemic endotoxin injection and two models of sterile inflammation, intra-cortical IL-1β injection and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). We took advantage of a transgenic mouse model bearing the dual reporter system luciferase/GFP under transcriptional control of a murine TLR2 promoter (TLR2-luc-GFP) to visualize the TLR2 response in the living neonatal brain and then determined neuroinflammation, microglial activation and leukocyte infiltration. We show that in physiological postnatal brain development the in vivo TLR2-luc signal undergoes a marked ∼30-fold decline and temporal-spatial changes during the second and third postnatal weeks. We then show that while endotoxin robustly induces the in vivo TLR2-luc signal in the living brain and increases levels of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, the in vivo TLR2-luc signal is reduced after both IL-1β and tMCAO and the inflammatory response is muted. Immunofluorescence revealed that microglial cells are the predominant source of TLR2 production during postnatal brain development and in all three neonatal models studied. Flow cytometry revealed developmental changes in CD11b
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.