ArticleJournal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons2017
Effects of Objective 3-Dimensional Measures of Facial Shape and Symmetry on Perceptions of Facial Attractiveness.
Article in Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Which of the nine facial profiles according to AM Schwarz is the most (un)attractive?Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- Influence of facial shape on perceived attractiveness.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Influence of body mass index on perceived lower facial asymmetry.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Facial Rejuvenation Strategy in Asian Women with Autologous Fat Transplantation.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Does 3-dimensional facial attractiveness relate to golden ratio, neoclassical canons, 'ideal' ratios and 'ideal' angles?Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2022Article
- Subjective Evaluation of the Results of Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Fillers for the Face.Clinical interventions in aging · 2020Article
- Linear and Volumetric Mandibular Asymmetries in Adult Patients With Different Skeletal Classes and Vertical Patterns: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- A comprehensive assessment of the nasal profile among Iraqi adults with different skeletal classes: A retrospective study.Journal of oral biology and craniofacial researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMeeting patient desires for enhanced facial esthetics requires that providers have standardized and objective methods to measure esthetics. The authors evaluated the effects of objective 3-dimensional (3D) facial shape and asymmetry measurements derived from 3D facial images on perceptions of facial attractiveness. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe 3D facial images of 313 adults in Iowa were digitized with 32 landmarks, and objective 3D facial measurements capturing symmetric and asymmetric components of shape variation, centroid size, and fluctuating asymmetry were obtained from the 3D coordinate data using geo-morphometric analyses. Frontal and profile images of study participants were rated for facial attractiveness by 10 volunteers (5 women and 5 men) on a 5-point Likert scale and a visual analog scale. Multivariate regression was used to identify the effects of the objective 3D facial measurements on attractiveness ratings.
resultsSeveral objective 3D facial measurements had marked effects on attractiveness ratings. Shorter facial heights with protrusive chins, midface retrusion, faces with protrusive noses and thin lips, flat mandibular planes with deep labiomental folds, any cants of the lip commissures and floor of the nose, larger faces overall, and increased fluctuating asymmetry were rated as significantly (P < .001) less attractive.
conclusionPerceptions of facial attractiveness can be explained by specific 3D measurements of facial shapes and fluctuating asymmetry, which have important implications for clinical practice and research.
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