ArticleCell2017
Noninvasive Deep Brain Stimulation via Temporally Interfering Electric Fields.
16 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Cell, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 16 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 419 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
419citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
32.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Temporal Interference Neurostimulation and Addiction
Noninvasive Temporal Interference Stimulation: An Approach for Modulating Associative Memory by Targeting Deep-brain Targets
Use of Alpha-frequency Deep Transcranial Interference Stimulation (tIS) to Understand and Modify Temporal Dynamics of Face Emotion Recognition and Social/Affective Function
Study on the Effectiveness and Safety of Temporal Interference Stimulation in Treating Patients With Severe Consciousness Disorders
Neural Mechanisms of Interpersonal Expectations on Negative Affect
Effects and Mechanisms of Temporal Interference Brain Stimulation on Memory Function in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease
Temporal Interference Methods for Addiction Treatment
Temporal Interference Methods for Non-invasive Deep Brain Stimulation
Temporal Interference Methods for Non-invasive Deep Brain Stimulation
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation (TIS) Targeting the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's Disease: A Single-Center, Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Overnight Temporal Interference Stimulation of Bilateral Hippocampi to Reduce Epileptogenic Biomarkers and Improve Sleep in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Effectiveness of Theta-Burst Patterned Temporal Interference Stimulation for Improving Awareness in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: A Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial
Temporal Interference Methods for Non-invasive Deep Brain Stimulation
A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Temporal Interference Stimulation Treatment in Patients With Cognitive Impairment
Efficacy and Safety of Temporal Interference Stimulation of Hypothalamus in Patients With Narcolepsy Type 1: A Randomised, Double-blind, Sham-Controlled, Single-Centre Trial
Investigating the Interplay of Striatal and Hippocampal Processing in Decision-Making Using Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation
Who cites it
419 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 963 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ultrasound Applications in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Techniques and Therapeutic Potentials in Clinical Trials and Animal Model Studies.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2026Pooled it
- Probing the linguistic cerebellum: a qualitative review of the effects of cerebellar neurostimulation on language processing.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Modulation of cognitive and motor functions by temporal interference stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and variability.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- [Progresses on temporal interference electromagnetic stimulation for non-invasive deep brain function modulation].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2025Pooled it
- The multimodal neuroimaging signatures and gene expression profiles for adverse childhood experiences.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Hotspots and trends in acupuncture combined with non-invasive neuromodulation technology in the past 20 years: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Advances in the application of temporal interference stimulation: a scoping review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Temporal Interference Stimulation Modulates Resting State Functional Connectivity of Motor Circuit in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Trial
- Exploring the feasibility, safety and preliminary clinical effects of amygdala-targeted temporal interference stimulation for major depressive disorder: a pilot study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Personalized high-intensity temporal interference stimulation decouples cerebellar networks to enhance implicit learning.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- A patient-specific, 3D printed neurostimulator enabling focal transcranial electrical stimulation and EEG at home.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Right Globus Pallidus in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Trial
- Temporal Interference Stimulation Boosts Working Memory Performance in the Frontoparietal Network.Human brain mapping · 2025Trial
- Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- Repetitive temporal interference stimulation improves jump performance but not the postural stability in young healthy males: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Trial
- Theta-Band Temporal Interference Stimulation Modulates Food Reward Prediction Error Encoding in Individuals with Elevated Food Addiction Symptoms.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Targeted neuronal stimulation modulates working memory via astrocytic interactions: Insights from a spiking neuron-astrocyte model.iScience · 2026Article
- Temporal interference stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in obsessive-compulsive disorder.General psychiatry · 2026Article
359 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Nir GrossmanMedia Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 0AZ London, UK.
David BonoDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Nina DedicPicower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Suhasa B KodandaramaiahMedia Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Andrii RudenkoPicower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, City College of the City University of York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
Ho-Jun SukMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Antonino M CassaraIT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland.
Esra NeufeldIT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland.
Niels KusterIT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Li-Huei TsaiPicower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Alvaro Pascual-LeoneBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Edward S BoydenMedia Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: esb@media.mit.edu.
Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society · CHBerenson Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation · USCity College · USHarvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology · USHarvard University · USIIT@MIT · USMcGovern Institute for Brain Research · USUniversity of Minnesota · US
Funding
HARVARD CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE CENTER (UL1)UL1RR025758 · NCRR · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2008 to 2011
$91.4MRecording neural activities onto DNAR01MH103910 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BOYDEN, EDWARD S., CHURCH, GEORGE M · 2013 to 2017
$9.5MMillisecond-Timescale Whole-Brain Neural Activity Mapping in Health and DiseaseDP1NS087724 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI BOYDEN, EDWARD S. · 2013 to 2017
$3.9MThe Cdk5/p35 KinaseR01NS051874 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI TSAI, LI-HUEI · 2006 to 2015
$3.7MThe Cdk5/35 KinaseR37NS051874 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI TSAI, LI-HUEI · 2016 to 2022
$3.2MTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Training in Chronic StrokeR01HD069776 · NICHD · WINIFRED MASTERSON BURKE MED RES INST · PI EDWARDS, DYLAN JAMES · 2012 to 2016
$3.2MCortical Plasticity in Autism Spectrum DisordersR01MH100186 · NIMH · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI ROTENBERG, ALEXANDER · 2014 to 2018
$2.2MCortical connectivity, physiology, and response to stimulation in human epilepsyR01NS073601 · NINDS · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI CHANG, BERNARD S. · 2011 to 2015
$1.9MExamination of neural circuits underlying mood disorders in Alzheimer?s diseaseRF1AG047661 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI TSAI, LI-HUEI, TYE, KAY MAXINE · 2014 to 2014
$1.7MRole of functional brain connectivity on efficacy of TMS for depressionR21MH099196 · NIMH · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI PASCUAL-LEONE, ALVARO · 2013 to 2014
$491kCortical plasticity in type II diabetes mellitusR21NS082870 · NINDS · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI PASCUAL-LEONE, ALVARO · 2013 to 2014
$490kSupplement: Robotic Platform for High-Densisty in Vivo Intracellular recordingR21NS103098 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI HARNETT, MARK THOMAS, KODANDARAMAIAH, SUHASA B · 2017 to 2018
$483kMedical Research Council MC_PC_16046NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR025758NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG047661NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD069776NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH100186NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH103910NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH099196NINDS NIH HHS DP1 NS087724NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS051874NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS073601NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS082870NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS085491NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS103098NINDS NIH HHS R37 NS051874Wellcome Trust
Abstract
We report a noninvasive strategy for electrically stimulating neurons at depth. By delivering to the brain multiple electric fields at frequencies too high to recruit neural firing, but which differ by a frequency within the dynamic range of neural firing, we can electrically stimulate neurons throughout a region where interference between the multiple fields results in a prominent electric field envelope modulated at the difference frequency. We validated this temporal interference (TI) concept via modeling and physics experiments, and verified that neurons in the living mouse brain could follow the electric field envelope. We demonstrate the utility of TI stimulation by stimulating neurons in the hippocampus of living mice without recruiting neurons of the overlying cortex. Finally, we show that by altering the currents delivered to a set of immobile electrodes, we can steerably evoke different motor patterns in living mice.
Indexed as
AnimalsDeep Brain StimulationElectrodesHippocampusMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLNeuronsTranscranial Direct Current Stimulationbraincortexdeep brain stimulationelectromagnetichippocampusneuromodulationnoninvasiveoptogeneticstranscranial direct current stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulation
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT04432064ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05805215ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06607432ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06896279ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT06980090ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07031687ClinicalTrials.gov
and 10 more above
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.