ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2017
The Enduring Challenge of Determining Pneumonia Etiology in Children: Considerations for Future Research Priorities.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease in children ≤5 years of age following the introduction of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infant national immunization programs: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human parainfluenza virus in children younger than 5 years for 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Pooled it
- Geographically linked risk factors for enrolment into a fast breathing child pneumonia trial in Lilongwe, Malawi: an Innovative Treatments in Pneumonia (ITIP) secondary analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2019Trial
- Selective PET imaging of bacterial infection using a glycosylatedNature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Detecting Bacteria in Their Mammalian Hosts Using Metabolism-Targeted [ACS central science · 2026Article
- Mortality and morbidity caused by pneumonia in children and adolescents are associated with socioeconomic and urban conditions in São Paulo, Brazil.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2026Article
- Article
- Differential Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on HospitalizedOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Burden of Hospitalization Due toHealth science reports · 2025Review
- A 5-transcript signature for discriminating viral and bacterial etiology in pediatric pneumonia.iScience · 2025Article
- Misclassification of malaria as pneumonia in children in sub-Saharan Africa.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Culture-Positive Infections in Ugandan Infants: A Cohort Study of 7000 Neonates and Infants.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Microbial Landscape and Antibiotic-Susceptibility Profiles of Microorganisms in Patients with Bacterial Pneumonia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Cases in Aktobe, Kazakhstan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalised children in Indonesia: a multicentre, prospective study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Clinical management and outcomes of acute febrile illness in children attending a tertiary hospital in southern Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- The global burden of hospitalisation due to pneumonia caused byEClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Guide Case Management of and Improve Antibiotic Stewardship for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Resource-Constrained Settings: a Prospective Cohort Study in Southwestern Uganda.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Observational
- Viral loads in nasopharyngeal aspirates and tracheal aspirates among children hospitalized with invasive ventilation for human adenovirus pneumonia.Virology journal · 2021Article
- Comparison of Culture, Antigen Test, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Pneumococcal Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pneumonia kills more children each year worldwide than any other disease. Nonetheless, accurately determining the causes of childhood pneumonia has remained elusive. Over the past century, the focus of pneumonia etiology research has shifted from studies of lung aspirates and postmortem specimens intent on identifying pneumococcal disease to studies of multiple specimen types distant from the lung that are tested for multiple pathogens. Some major challenges facing modern pneumonia etiology studies include the use of nonspecific and variable case definitions, poor access to pathologic lung tissue and to specimens from fatal cases, poor diagnostic accuracy of assays (especially when testing nonpulmonary specimens), and the interpretation of results when multiple pathogens are detected in a given individual. The future of childhood pneumonia etiology research will likely require integrating data from complementary approaches, including applications of advanced molecular diagnostics and vaccine probe studies, as well as a renewed emphasis on lung aspirates from radiologically confirmed pneumonia and postmortem examinations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.