ArticlePloS one2017
The societal cost of heroin use disorder in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03678792 (Time to Detox), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Time to Detox: A Patient-Centered Comparison of Length of Detoxification Treatment and Time to Naltrexone Maintenance Therapy in Opioid-Dependent Individuals
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral and injectable opioid agonist treatments for people who use street opioids: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Take-home naloxone in multicentre emergency settings: the TIME feasibility cluster RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2024Trial
- Take-home naloxone administered in emergency settings: feasibility of intervention implementation in a cluster randomized trial.BMC emergency medicine · 2024Trial
- Project MIMIC (Maximizing Implementation of Motivational Incentives in Clinics): A cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2021Trial
- Opioid Misuse and Associated Health Risks among Adults on Probation and Parole: Prevalence and Correlates 2015-2020.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- The Impact of Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment (iOAT) on Involvement in Criminalized Activities: A Secondary Analysis from a Clinical Trial in Vancouver, BC.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Aberrant Interoceptive Processing in Substance Use Disorders.Brain sciences · 2022Review
- The Socio-Demographics and Health Service Use of Opioid Overdose Decedents in Wales: A Cross-Sectional Data Linkage Study.European addiction research · 2022Article
- Analysis of Opioid Poisoning in Medically Underserved Rural Areas: An Evaluation of International Statistical Classification of Diseases Codes from the State of South Dakota.Journal of addiction research & therapy · 2022Article
- Feasibility of Testing Client Preferences for Accessing Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment (iOAT): A Pilot Study.Patient preference and adherence · 2022Article
- Substance abuse and neurotransmission.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2022Article
- Is the rise in illicit opioids affecting labor supply and disability claiming rates?Journal of health economics · 2021Article
- The opioid epidemic: Mobilizing an academic health center to improve outcomes.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2021Article
- Changing course: supporting a shift to environmental strategies in a state prevention system.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2021Article
- Training and transfer effects of working memory training in male abstinent long-term heroin users.Addictive behaviors reports · 2020Article
- Protocol for Take-home naloxone In Multicentre Emergency (TIME) settings: feasibility study.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2020Article
- A review of the pharmacogenomics of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder.Journal of translational genetics and genomics · 2020Article
- Defining the Correlation Between Heroin Overdose and Length of Hospital Admissions.The Journal of pharmacy technology : jPT : official publication of the Association of Pharmacy Technicians · 2019Article
- Neuroimmune mechanisms of psychostimulant and opioid use disorders.The European journal of neuroscience · 2019Review
- Standards for opioid use disorder care: An assessment of Nordic approaches.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveHeroin use in the United States has reached epidemic proportions. The objective of this paper is to estimate the annual societal cost of heroin use disorder in the United States in 2015 US dollars.
methodsAn analytic model was created that included incarceration and crime; treatment for heroin use disorder; chronic infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Tuberculosis) and their treatments; treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome; lost productivity; and death by heroin overdose.
resultsUsing literature-based estimates to populate the model, the cost of heroin use disorder was estimated to be $51.2 billion in 2015 US dollars ($50,799 per heroin user). One-way sensitivity analyses showed that overall cost estimates were sensitive to the number of heroin users, cost of HCV treatment, and cost of incarcerating heroin users.
conclusionThe annual cost of heroin use disorder to society in the United States emphasizes the need for sustained investment in healthcare and non-healthcare related strategies that reduce the likelihood of abuse and provide care and support for users to overcome the disorder.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.