ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2017
An analysis of purchase price of legal and illicit cigarettes in urban retail environments in 14 low- and middle-income countries.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Response of legal and illegal cigarette prices to a tax increase in Ethiopia.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Article
- Illicit trade in tobacco products: recent trends and coming challenges.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- New evidence of illicit cigarette consumption and government revenue loss in Indonesia.Tobacco induced diseases · 2021Article
- Estimating illicit cigarette consumption using a tax-gap approach, India.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2020Article
- Estimating the Magnitude of Illicit Cigarette Trade in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- An analysis of purchase price of legal and illicit cigarettes in urban retail environments in 14 low- and middle-income countries.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsTo estimate and compare price differences between legal and illicit cigarettes in 14 low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
designA cross-sectional census of all packs available on the market was purchased.
settingCigarette packs were purchased in formal retail settings in three major cities in each of 14 LMIC: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine and Vietnam.
participantsA total of 3240 packs were purchased (range = 58 packs in Egypt to 505 in Russia). Packs were categorized as 'legal' or 'illicit' based on the presence of a health warning label from the country of purchase and existence of a tax stamp; 2468 legal and 772 illicit packs were in the analysis. MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive statistics stratified by country, city and neighborhood socio-economic status were used to explore the association between price and legal status of cigarettes.
findingsThe number of illicit cigarettes in the sample setting was small (n < 5) in five countries (Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia) and excluded from analysis. In the remaining nine countries, the median purchase price of legal cigarettes ranged from US$0.32 in Pakistan (n = 72) to US$3.24 in Turkey (n = 242); median purchase price of illicit cigarettes ranged from US$0.80 in Ukraine (n = 14) to US$3.08 in India (n = 41). The difference in median price between legal and illicit packs as a percentage of the price of legal packs ranged from 32% in Philippines to 455% in Bangladesh. Median purchase price of illicit cigarette packs was higher than that of legal cigarette packs in six countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). Median purchase price of illicit packs was lower than that of legal packs in Turkey, Ukraine and China.
conclusionsThe median purchase price of illicit cigarettes is higher than that of legal cigarette packs in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia appear to have few or no illicit cigarettes for purchase from formal, urban retailers.
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