ArticleNutrients2017
Direct vs. Expressed Breast Milk Feeding: Relation to Duration of Breastfeeding.
Article in Nutrients, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Integrative Review of Exclusive Breast Milk Expression.Journal of midwifery & women's healthPooled it
- Trial
- Short-term efficacy of two breast pumps and impact on breastfeeding outcomes at 6 months in exclusively breastfeeding mothers: A randomised trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Trial
- Exclusively Pumping Women's Milk Production and Pumping and Feeding Dynamics-An Online Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Early Postpartum Milk-Expression and Expressed-Milk Feeding Practices in Relation to Breastfeeding Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Maternal Experiences with Exclusive Pumping-An Online Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of educational workshops on breastfeeding practices in traditional Chinese postpartum centres: a cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- A National Survey: Trends in U.S. Postpartum Pumping Practices After Term Deliveries.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring Risk Factors Associated With Early Mother's Own Milk Feeding Cessation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Flange Size Matters: A Comparative Pilot Study of the Flange FITSJournal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2025Article
- A longitudinal study of breastfeeding relationships at home during the COVID-19 pandemic: A grounded theory method.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Article
- Impact of diet on the gut mycobiome of Hong Kong Chinese infants.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Feeding Expressed Breast Milk Alters the Microbial Network of Breast Milk and Increases Breast Milk Microbiome Diversity over Time.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Quantifying the Association between Pump Use and Breastfeeding Duration.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Experience and perceptions of healthcare providers on clinical management and care of near-miss infants: a qualitative content analysis.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Feeding Strategies in Newborns and Infants During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Polish Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Learning from mothers' success in breastfeeding maintenance: coping strategies and cues to action.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Exclusive breastmilk pumping: A concept analysis.Nursing forum · 2022Article
- Postnatal women's breastfeeding beliefs, practices, and support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional comparative study across five countries.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Unseen, unheard: a qualitative analysis of women's experiences of exclusively expressing breast milk.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies examining direct vs. expressed breast milk feeding are scarce. We explored the predictors of mode of breastfeeding and its association with breastfeeding duration in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
methodsWe included 541 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes cohort. Mode of breastfeeding (feeding directly at the breast, expressed breast milk (EBM) feeding only, or mixed feeding (a combination of the former 2 modes)) was ascertained at three months postpartum. Ordinal logistic regression analyses identified predictors of breast milk expression. Cox regression models examined the association between mode of breastfeeding and duration of any and of full breastfeeding.
resultsMaternal factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of breast milk expression instead of direct breastfeeding were Chinese (vs. Indian) ethnicity, (adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI; 3.41, 1.97-5.91), tertiary education (vs. secondary education or lower) (2.22, 1.22-4.04), primiparity (1.54, 1.04-2.26) and employment during pregnancy (2.53, 1.60-4.02). Relative to those who fed their infants directly at the breast, mothers who fed their infants EBM only had a higher likelihood of early weaning among all mothers who were breastfeeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI; 2.20, 1.61-3.02), and among those who were fully breastfeeding (2.39, 1.05-5.41). Mothers who practiced mixed feeding, however, were not at higher risk of earlier termination of any or of full breastfeeding.
conclusionsMothers who fed their infants EBM exclusively, but not those who practiced mixed feeding, were at a higher risk of terminating breastfeeding earlier than those who fed their infants directly at the breast. More education and support are required for women who feed their infants EBM only.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.