ArticleGenetics2017
A Unified Characterization of Population Structure and Relatedness.
Article in Genetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Dissecting the population structure, diversity and genetic architecture of rust resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides).BMC genomics · 2026Article
- On ARGs, pedigrees, and genetic relatedness matrices.Genetics · 2026Article
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- Host Co-Occurrence and Population Size Explain Genetic Differentiation and Diversity in Seal Lice.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Local adaptation to climate has facilitated the global invasion of cheatgrass.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Evaluating Kinship Estimation Methods for Reduced-Representation SNP Data in Non-model Species.Molecular ecology resources · 2025Article
- Bull kelp (Durvillaea amatheiae) in southeastern Australia has compromised adaptive capacity to future ocean warming.Journal of phycology · 2025Article
- Adaptive Potential ofEvolutionary applications · 2025Article
- A method for identifying local adaptation in structured populations.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Relative Effects of Habitat Amount and Fragmentation Per Se on Genetic Diversity of the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Many population genetic activities, ranging from evolutionary studies to association mapping, to forensic identification, rely on appropriate estimates of population structure or relatedness. All applications require recognition that quantities with an underlying meaning of allelic dependence are not defined in an absolute sense, but instead are made "relative to" some set of alleles other than the target set. The 1984 Weir and Cockerham [Formula: see text] estimate made explicit that the reference set of alleles was across populations, whereas standard kinship estimates do not make the reference explicit. Weir and Cockerham stated that their [Formula: see text] estimates were for independent populations, and standard kinship estimates have an implicit assumption that pairs of individuals in a study sample, other than the target pair, are unrelated or are not inbred. However, populations lose independence when there is migration between them, and dependencies between pairs of individuals in a population exist for more than one target pair. We have therefore recast our treatments of population structure, relatedness, and inbreeding to make explicit that the parameters of interest involve the differences in degrees of allelic dependence between the target and the reference sets of alleles, and so can be negative. We take the reference set to be the population from which study individuals have been sampled. We provide simple moment estimates of these parameters, phrased in terms of allelic matching within and between individuals for relatedness and inbreeding, or within and between populations for population structure. A multi-level hierarchy of alleles within individuals, alleles between individuals within populations, and alleles between populations, allows a unified treatment of relatedness and population structure. We expect our new measures to have a wide range of applications, but we note that their estimates are sensitive to rare or private variants: some population-characterization applications suggest exploiting those sensitivities, whereas estimation of relatedness may best use all genetic markers without filtering on minor allele frequency.
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