ArticleBrain : a journal of neurology2017
A novel cortical target to enhance hand motor output in humans with spinal cord injury.
Article in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on motor function after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Preconditioning with Cathodal High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Sensitizes the Primary Motor Cortex to Subsequent Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation.Neural plasticity · 2021Trial
- Non-invasive closed-loop spinal stimulation restores leg stepping control in humans with paraplegia.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Operant Conditioning of the Motor Evoked Potential in Forearm Extensors of Individuals with Chronic Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Case Studies.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Effects of Noninvasive Technology Modalities on Lower-Limb Motor Function in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025Review
- Neuromodulation by repetitive paired-pulse TMS at late I-wave intervals in older adults.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Gamma Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Has Frequency-Dependent Effects on Human Motor Cortex Plasticity Induced by Theta-Burst Stimulation.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Corticospinal Excitability in Bilateral M1 Hand Areas: Association with Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Molecular signaling predicts corticospinal axon growth state and muscle response plasticity induced by neuromodulation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Investigating the Effects of Repetitive Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Visuomotor Training Using TMS-EEG.Brain topography · 2024Article
- A direct spinal cord-computer interface enables the control of the paralysed hand in spinal cord injury.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Home-based arm cycling exercise improves trunk control in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury: an observational study.Scientific reports · 2023Observational
- Rethinking Remapping: Circuit Mechanisms of Recovery after Stroke.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Review
- Repetitive paired-pulse TMS increases motor cortex excitability and visuomotor skill acquisition in young and older adults.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Effect of current direction and muscle activation on motor cortex neuroplasticity induced by repetitive paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation.The European journal of neuroscience · 2023Article
- Primary motor hand area corticospinal excitability indicates overall functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Effects of cortical intermittent theta burst stimulation combined with precise root stimulation on motor function after spinal cord injury: a case series study.Neural regeneration research · 2022Article
- Spinal Cord Injury and Loss of Cortical Inhibition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Differences in sensorimotor and functional recovery between the dominant and non-dominant upper extremity following cervical spinal cord injury.Spinal cord · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A main goal of rehabilitation strategies in humans with spinal cord injury is to strengthen transmission in spared neural networks. Although neuromodulatory strategies have targeted different sites within the central nervous system to restore motor function following spinal cord injury, the role of cortical targets remain poorly understood. Here, we use 180 pairs of transcranial magnetic stimulation for ∼30 min over the hand representation of the motor cortex at an interstimulus interval mimicking the rhythmicity of descending late indirect (I) waves in corticospinal neurons (4.3 ms; I-wave protocol) or at an interstimulus interval in-between I-waves (3.5 ms; control protocol) on separate days in a randomized order. Late I-waves are thought to arise from trans-synaptic cortical inputs and have a crucial role in the recruitment of spinal motor neurons following spinal cord injury. Motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation, paired-pulse intracortical inhibition, spinal motor neuron excitability (F-waves), index finger abduction force and electromyographic activity as well as a hand dexterity task were measured before and after both protocols in 15 individuals with chronic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury and 17 uninjured participants. We found that motor evoked potentials size increased in spinal cord injury and uninjured participants after the I-wave but not the control protocol for ∼30 to 60 min after the stimulation. Intracortical inhibition decreased and F-wave amplitude and persistence increased after the I-wave but not the control protocol, suggesting that cortical and subcortical networks contributed to changes in corticospinal excitability. Importantly, hand motor output and hand dexterity increased in individuals with spinal cord injury after the I-wave protocol. These results provide the first evidence that late synaptic input to corticospinal neurons may represent a novel therapeutic target for improving motor function in humans with paralysis due to spinal cord injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.