Trial reportJournal of veterinary internal medicine2017
Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel-Group Clinical Trial.
Trial report in Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Multispecies Systematic and Critical Review of Intranasal Administration in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Emergency Care: Promising Evidence and Overlooked Challenges.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Pooled it
- Advances in veterinary drug and vaccine delivery: from conventional delivery methods to innovative transdermal approaches.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Intranasal Diazepam Outperforms Midazolam and Lorazepam in Early Seizure Control in Pilocarpine-Induced Mice Model.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Intranasal Levetiracetam in Healthy Dogs.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- In-hospital evaluation of an app-based seizure detection system in dogs: timely detection of generalized tonic-clonic seizures.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Intranasal Atomization of Ketamine, Medetomidine and Butorphanol in Pet Rabbits Using a Mucosal Atomization Device.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The sedative effect of intranasal administration of medetomidine using a mucosal atomization device in Japanese White rabbits.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2023Article
- Out-of-hospital rescue medication in dogs with emergency seizure disorders: an owner perspective.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Comparison of Certain Intrarectal versus Intramuscular Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ketamine, Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam in Cats.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral transmucosal, and intranasal buprenorphine in healthy male dogs.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics · 2022Article
- Maximum volume of nasal administration using a mucosal atomization device without aspiration in Japanese White rabbits.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2022Article
- Different Methods and Formulations of Drugs and Vaccines for Nasal Administration.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Advancements in drug delivery methods for the treatment of brain disease.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol Following Intranasal, Intrarectal, and Oral Administration in Healthy Dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Dogs as a Natural Animal Model of Epilepsy.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Constant rate infusion of diazepam or propofol for the management of canine cluster seizures or status epilepticus.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- First-line management of canine status epilepticus at home and in hospital-opportunities and limitations of the various administration routes of benzodiazepines.BMC veterinary research · 2021Review
- Current Perspective on Nasal Delivery Systems for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Continuous rate infusion of midazolam as emergent treatment for seizures in dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
- Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 10 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntranasal administration of benzodiazepines has shown superiority over rectal administration for terminating emergency epileptic seizures in human trials. No such clinical trials have been performed in dogs.
objectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of intranasal midazolam (IN-MDZ), via a mucosal atomization device, as a first-line management option for canine status epilepticus and compare it to rectal administration of diazepam (R-DZP) for controlling status epilepticus before intravenous access is available. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs with idiopathic or structural epilepsy manifesting status epilepticus within a hospital environment were used. Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with IN-MDZ (n = 20) or R-DZP (n = 15).
methodsRandomized parallel-group clinical trial. Seizure cessation time and adverse effects were recorded. For each dog, treatment was considered successful if the seizure ceased within 5 minutes and did not recur within 10 minutes after administration. The 95% confidence interval was used to detect the true population of dogs that were successfully treated. The Fisher's 2-tailed exact test was used to compare the 2 groups, and the results were considered statistically significant if P < .05.
resultsIN-MDZ and R-DZP terminated status epilepticus in 70% (14/20) and 20% (3/15) of cases, respectively (P = .0059). All dogs showed sedation and ataxia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: IN-MDZ is a quick, safe and effective first-line medication for controlling status epilepticus in dogs and appears superior to R-DZP. IN-MDZ might be a valuable treatment option when intravenous access is not available and for treatment of status epilepticus in dogs at home.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.