ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2017
Comprehensive Analysis of Prevalence, Epidemiologic Characteristics, and Clinical Characteristics of Monoinfection and Coinfection in Diarrheal Diseases in Children in Tanzania.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performance and operational feasibility of two diagnostic tests for cryptosporidiosis in children (CRYPTO-POC): a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Diarrheal Etiology and Impact of Coinfections on Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Estimates in a Clinical Trial of a Monovalent Human-Bovine (116E) Oral Rotavirus Vaccine, Rotavac, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Prevalence and Patterns of Enteric Co-Infections Among Individuals Presenting with Cholera-like Diarrheal Disease During Seasonal Cholera Outbreaks.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cryptosporidium infection and associated factors among diarrheic children under five years of age in Eastern Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Clustering of Gastrointestinal Microorganisms in Human Stool Samples from Ghana.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Enhancing enteric pathogen detection: implementation and impact of multiplex PCR for improved diagnosis and surveillance.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Campylobacter in Africa - A specific viewpoint.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2023Review
- Multidrug resistance pattern and molecular epidemiology of pathogens among children with diarrhea in Bangladesh, 2019-2021.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Enteric Pathogens Detected in Children under Five Years Old Admitted with Diarrhea in Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O96:H19 is an Emergent Biofilm-Forming Pathogen.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- Bacterial and Viral Co-Infection in the Intestine: Competition Scenario and Their Effect on Host Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Epidemiological investigations of diarrhea in children in Praia city, Cape Verde.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Detection of diarrhoea associated rotavirus and co-infection with diarrhoeagenic pathogens in the Littoral region of Cameroon using ELISA, RT-PCR and Luminex xTAG GPP assays.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- Magnitude of Rotavirus A and Campylobacter jejuni infections in children with diarrhea in Twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Viral Pathogen-Specific Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Children with Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2019Article
- Review
- Symptom profiling for infectious intestinal disease (IID): a secondary data analysis of the IID2 study.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of interactions between intestinal pathogens in diarrheal disease is uncertain. From August 2010 to July 2011, we collected stool samples from 723 children admitted with diarrhea (cases) to 3 major hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and from 564 nondiarrheic children (controls). We analyzed the samples for 17 pathogens and assessed interactions between coinfections in additive and multiplicative models. At least one pathogen was detected in 86.9% of the cases and 62.8%, of the controls. Prevalence of coinfections was 58.1% in cases and 40.4% in controls. Rotavirus, norovirus genogroup II, Cryptosporidium, and Shigella species/enteroinvasive Escherichia coli were significantly associated with diarrhea both as monoinfections and as coinfections. In the multiplicative interaction model, we found 2 significant positive interactions: rotavirus + Giardia (odds ratio (OR) = 23.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 470.14) and norovirus GII + enteroaggregative E. coli (OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.17, 7.98). One significant negative interaction was found between norovirus GII + typical enteropathogenic E. coli (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.95). In multivariate analysis, risk factors for death were presence of blood in stool and severe dehydration. In conclusion, coinfections are frequent, and the pathogenicity of each organism appears to be enhanced by some coinfections and weakened by others. Severity of diarrhea was not affected by coinfections.
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