ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2017
Contribution of Socioeconomic Status at 3 Life-Course Periods to Late-Life Memory Function and Decline: Early and Late Predictors of Dementia Risk.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of the association between life-course socioeconomic status and late-life cognitive decline.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of periodontal disease on cognitive disorders, dementia, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.GeroScience · 2024Pooled it
- Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer's disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing.Nature genetics · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of a cash transfer intervention on memory decline and dementia probability in older adults in rural South Africa.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Trial
- The Impact of Childhood Cognitively Stimulating Activities on the Association between Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lead Exposure and Later Adulthood Cognitive Function.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- Periodontal disease and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evidence-based dentistry · 2026Article
- Monetary savings and neuropsychological functioning in older adults without dementia.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Resources Indirectly Linked to HIV Medication Adherence Through Social Determinants of Health Among Digitally Surveyed Partnered Men Who Have Sex with Men.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Perceived Discrimination and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: An Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- [Modifiable risk and protective factors for dementia: an overview of established and emerging evidence].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Income, diet, and cognitive function: observational analyses and candidate metabolomic pathways identified by Mendelian randomization.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Observational
- Does sex moderate health and Alzheimer's disease risk tied to early educational experiences? The reducing inequities through social and educational change follow-up in early adulthood extension study protocol.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease in Women.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic status and cognitive function in older adults: the mediating roles of social activity and loneliness in three aging cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Changes in financial well-being and memory function and decline in middle-aged and older adults.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Income Volatility During Early to Mid-adulthood and 10-year Memory Decline in a Longitudinal Synthetic Cohort.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Lifecourse socioeconomic status and subjective cognitive decline among diverse older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Contribution of Life-Course Socioeconomic Position to Later-Life Brain Volumes in US Hispanic/Latino Adults.Neurology · 2026Article
- The role of life-course socioeconomic position in cognitive change and mild cognitive impairment among middle-aged and older US Hispanic/Latinos.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lead Exposure and Later Adulthood Cognitive Function in the St. Louis Baby Tooth-Later Life Health Study.Neurology · 2026Article
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Both early life and adult socioeconomic status (SES) predict late-life level of memory; however, evidence is mixed on the relationship between SES and rate of memory decline. Further, the relative importance of different life-course periods for rate of late-life memory decline has not been evaluated. We examined associations between life-course SES and late-life memory function and decline. Health and Retirement Study participants (n = 10,781) were interviewed biennially from 1998-2012 (United States). SES measurements for childhood (composite score including parents' educational attainment), early adulthood (high-school or college completion), and older adulthood (income, mean age 66 years) were all dichotomized. Word-list memory was modeled via inverse-probability weighted longitudinal models accounting for differential attrition, survival, and time-varying confounding, with nonrespondents retained via proxy assessments. Compared to low SES at all 3 points (referent), stable, high SES predicted the best memory function and slowest decline. High-school completion had the largest estimated effect on memory (β = 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.15, 0.22), but high late-life income had the largest estimated benefit for slowing declines (for 10-year memory change, β = 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.46). Both early and late-life interventions are potentially relevant for reducing dementia risk by improving memory function or slowing decline.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.