ArticleBMC public health2017
The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood.
Article in BMC public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Child Domestic Work, Violence, and Health Outcomes: A Rapid Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Association of Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence With Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Early Childhood Socioemotional Development Among Mothers and Children in Rural Tanzania.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Exploring Factors Associated With Self-Reported Parental Spanking and Hitting Out of Anger: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses Using National Panel Data.Family process · 2026Article
- Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Well-Being Among Married Women Attending Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics: The Roles of Childhood Trauma and Self-Compassion.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG WOMEN WITH GYNAECOLOGIC HEALTH CHALLENGES AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN, NIGERIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence, risk factors and interventions to prevent violence against adolescents and youths in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Approval of Parent-Child Aggression as a Mediator of Intergenerational Child Abuse Risk: An Evaluation of Racial Differences.Journal of family violence · 2025Article
- Parenting Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Physical Punishment: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The Impact of Early Violence Exposure on Adolescent Flourishing : Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel?Journal of prevention (2022) · 2024Article
- Associations between 11 parental discipline behaviours and child outcomes across 60 countries.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Heterogeneous effects of spanking on child protective services involvement in early childhood: A propensity score stratification analysis.Children and youth services review · 2023Article
- Social Information Processing Theory Indicators of Child Abuse Risk: Cultural Comparison of Mothers from Peru and the United States.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Applying Socio-Emotional Information Processing theory to explain child abuse risk: Emerging patterns from the COVID-19 pandemic.Child abuse & neglect · 2023Article
- Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment.Child abuse & neglect · 2023Article
- Spare the rod, spoil the child: measurement and learning from an intervention to shift corporal punishment attitudes and behaviors in Grenada, West Indies.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validity study of the "Play Nicely Program: The Healthy Discipline Handbook" for use in Brazil.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2023Article
- Editorial: Violent relationships: acute and long-term implications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Childhood exposure to physical and emotional violence over a 57-year period in Sweden.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences and Perpetration of Child Physical Punishment in Wales.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic for families of infants involved with Child Protection Services for maltreatment concerns.Health & social care in the community · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPhysical punishment of children is an important public health concern. Yet, few studies have examined how physical punishment is related to other types of child maltreatment and violence across the lifespan. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine if harsh physical punishment (i.e., being pushed, grabbed, shoved, hit, and/or slapped without causing marks, bruises, or injury) is associated with an increased likelihood of more severe childhood maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)) in childhood and perpetration or victimization of IPV in adulthood.
methodsData were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected in 2004 to 2005 (n = 34,402, response rate = 86.7%), a representative United States adult sample.
resultsHarsh physical punishment was associated with increased odds of childhood maltreatment, including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, family history of dysfunction, and other child maltreatment types (range 1.6 to 26.6). Harsh physical punishment was also related to increased odds of experiencing IPV in adulthood (range 1.4 to 1.7).
conclusionsIt is important for parents and professionals working with children to be aware that pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, or slapping children may increase the likelihood of emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and exposure to IPV in childhood and also experiencing IPV victimization and/or perpetration in later adulthood.
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