ArticleAmerican journal of nephrology2017
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality Associated with Serum Potassium in a Large Hemodialysis Cohort.
Article in American journal of nephrology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of hyperkalemia and long inter-dialytic interval on morbidity and mortality in patients receiving hemodialysis: a systematic review.Renal failure · 2021Pooled it
- Epidemiology of hyperkalemia among US emergency department patients without end-stage renal disease from 2016 to 2024.Clinical and experimental emergency medicine · 2026Article
- The Association of Social Determinants of Health on Mortality among Adults with End-Stage Kidney Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Hyperkalemia-related mortality trends in cardiac arrest: a 1999-2020 analysis in the United States.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Prevalence, recurrence, risk factors and adverse clinical outcomes of hyperkalemia in maintenance hemodialysis patients.BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical outcomes by serum potassium levels for patients hospitalized for heart failure: Secondary analysis of data from the China National Heart Failure Registry.Clinical cardiology · 2023Article
- Covariate Adjustment in Chronic Pain Trials: An Oft-Missed Opportunity.The journal of pain · 2023Review
- Hyperkalemia in pediatric chronic kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Article
- Tissue Sodium Accumulation Induces Organ Inflammation and Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Association of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia with Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in Japanese Hemodialysis (HD) Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The prevalence of predialysis hyperkalemia and associated characteristics among hemodialysis patients: The RE-UTILIZE study.Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis · 2022Observational
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality Associated with Serum Potassium in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.American journal of nephrology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHyperkalemia is observed in chronic kidney disease patients and may be a risk factor for life-threatening arrhythmias and death. Race/ethnicity may be important modifiers of the potassium-mortality relationship in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients given that potassium intake and excretion vary among minorities.
methodsWe examined racial/ethnic differences in baseline serum potassium levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic splines in a cohort of 102,241 incident MHD patients. Serum potassium was categorized into 6 groups: ≤3.6, >3.6 to ≤4.0, >4.0 to ≤4.5 (reference), >4.5 to ≤5.0, >5.0 to ≤5.5, and >5.5 mEq/L. Models were adjusted for case-mix and malnutrition-inflammation cachexia syndrome (MICS) covariates.
resultsThe cohort was composed of 50% whites, 34% African-Americans, and 16% Hispanics. Hispanics tended to have the highest baseline serum potassium levels (mean ± SD: 4.58 ± 0.55 mEq/L). Patients in our cohort were followed for a median of 1.3 years (interquartile range 0.6-2.5). In our cohort, associations between higher potassium (>5.5 mEq/L) and higher mortality risk were observed in African-American and whites, but not Hispanic patients in models adjusted for case-mix and MICS covariates. While in Hispanics only, lower serum potassium (<3.6 mEq/L) levels were associated with higher mortality risk. Similar trends were observed for cardiovascular mortality.
conclusionsHigher potassium levels were associated with higher mortality risk in white and African-American MHD patients, whereas lower potassium levels were associated with higher death risk in Hispanics. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms for the differential association between potassium and mortality across race/ethnicity.
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