ReviewExpert opinion on biological therapy2017
Challenges and opportunities in targeting the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in transplantation and autoimmunity.
Review in Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Graft rejection across solid organ transplants: mechanisms, monitoring, and immunosuppressive therapeutics.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Overcoming the undruggable barrier: Structure-guided discovery of a potent small molecule CD28 antagonist with translational potential.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Revealing the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and research progress in drug discovery from hepatic immune cells and intercellular communication signaling mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in homeostasis and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Memory Cells in Infection and Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Assessment of CTLA-4 Gene Expression Levels on CD8+ T Cells in Renal Transplant Patients and Relation with Serum sCTLA-4 Levels.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- The Polygenic Nature of Multiple Sclerosis: Genetic Variants, Immunological Modulation, and Environmental Connections.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Immunization of recombinant NS3 protein (protease region) of dengue virus induces high levels of CTLA-4 and apoptosis in splenocytes of BALB/c mice.Virus genes · 2024Article
- Exploring Costimulatory Blockade-Based Immunologic Strategies in Transplantation: Are They a Promising Immunomodulatory Approach for Organ and Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation?Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- From glioma gloom to immune bloom: unveiling novel immunotherapeutic paradigms-a review.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024Review
- Inorganic Nanoparticle Functionalization Strategies in Immunotherapeutic Applications.Biomaterials research · 2024Review
- Application of CD25 and CTLA4 gene transcription levels in early prediction of acute graft-versus-host disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Transplantation elicits a clonally diverse CD8Cell reports · 2023Article
- Regulating the regulatory T cells as cell therapies in autoimmunity and cancer.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Mechanism-driven strategies for prevention of rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology & autoimmunity · 2022Article
- Systemic Immunomodulatory Effects of Combinatorial Treatment of Thalidomide and Dexamethasone on T Cells and Other Immune Cells.Yonsei medical journal · 2021Article
- ICOSLScience translational medicine · 2020Article
- Autophagy-lysosome inhibitor chloroquine prevents CTLA-4 degradation of T cells and attenuates acute rejection in murine skin and heart transplantation.Theranostics · 2020Article
- Cowpox virus encodes a protein that binds B7.1 and B7.2 and subverts T cell costimulation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Transplant research in nonhuman primates to evaluate clinically relevant immune strategies in organ transplantation.Transplantation reviews (Orlando, Fla.) · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionT cell activation is a complex process that requires multiple cell signaling pathways, including a primary recognition signal and additional costimulatory signals. One of the best-characterized costimulatory pathways includes the Ig superfamily members CD28 and CTLA-4 and their ligands CD80 and CD86. Areas covered: This review discusses past, current and future biological therapies that have been utilized to block the CD28/CTLA-4 cosignaling pathway in the settings of autoimmunity and transplantation, as well the challenges facing successful implementation of these therapies. Expert opinion: The development of CD28 blockers Abatacept and Belatacept provided a more targeted therapy approach for transplant rejection and autoimmune disease relative to calcineurin inhibitors and anti-proliferatives, but overall efficacy may be limited due to their collateral effect of simultaneously blocking CTLA-4 coinhibitory signals. As such, current investigations into the potential of selective CD28 blockade to block the costimulatory potential of CD28 while exploiting the coinhibitory effects of CTLA-4 are promising. However, as selective CD28 blockade inhibits the activity of both effector and regulatory T cells, an important goal for the future is the design of therapies that will maximize the attenuation of effector responses while preserving the suppressive function of T regulatory cells.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.