ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology2017
Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs.
Review in Critical reviews in toxicology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lifecycle Implications of Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs): Interactions with Coexposed Environmental Pollutants (EPs) and Impact on Their Toxicity and Bioavailability.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Impact of nanoplastics emitted from incineration of polyethylene plastic on THP-1 macrophage viability and immune function.Journal of hazardous materials · 2026Article
- Article
- SiOScientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and their potential toxicological outcomes: State of science, knowledge gaps and research needs.NanoImpact · 2023Review
- Integrating structure annotation and machine learning approaches to develop graphene toxicity models.Carbon · 2023Article
- Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Incineration-Generated Polyethylene Micro-Nanoplastics Increase Triglyceride Lipolysis and Absorption in anEnvironmental science & technology · 2022Article
- Elevated Urinary Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage in Photocopier Operators following Acute and Chronic Exposures.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Release of particulate matter from nano-enabled building materials (NEBMs) across their lifecycle: Potential occupational health and safety implications.Journal of hazardous materials · 2022Article
- Printer center nanoparticles alter the DNA repair capacity of human bronchial airway epithelial cells.NanoImpact · 2022Article
- Transcriptomics of single dose and repeated carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure highlight progressive pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2021Article
- Biotransformations and cytotoxicity of eleven graphene and inorganic two-dimensional nanomaterials using simulated digestions coupled with a triculture in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal epithelium.Environmental science. Nano · 2021Article
- Oxidized carbon black nanoparticles induce endothelial damage through C-X-C chemokine receptor 3-mediated pathway.Redox biology · 2021Article
- Heart healthy cities: genetics loads the gun but the environment pulls the trigger.European heart journal · 2021Review
- Ambient PMEnvironment international · 2021Article
- High-Throughput Screening Platform for Nanoparticle-Mediated Alterations of DNA Repair Capacity.ACS nano · 2021Article
- Pilot deep RNA sequencing of worker blood samples from Singapore printing industry for occupational risk assessment.NanoImpact · 2020Article
- Inflammation Increases Susceptibility of Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells to Pneumonic Nanotoxicity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum.2017
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called "toner-based printing equipment" (TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they contain several engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that improve toner performance. It has been shown that during consumer use (printing), these ENM are released in the air, together with other semi-volatile organic nanoparticles, and newly formed gaseous co-pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The aim of this review is to detail and analyze physico-chemical and morphological (PCM), as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from TPE. The review covers evolution of science since the early 2000, when this printing technology first became a subject of public interest, as well as the lagging regulatory framework around it. Important studies that have significantly changed our understanding of these exposures are also highlighted. The review continues with a critical appraisal of the most up-to-date cellular, animal and human toxicological evidence on the potential adverse human health effects of PM emitted from TPE. We highlight several limitations of existing studies, including (i) use of high and often unrealistic doses in vitro or in vivo; (ii) unrealistically high-dose rates in intratracheal instillation studies; (iii) improper use of toners as surrogate for emitted nanoparticles; (iv) lack of or inadequate PCM characterization of exposures; and (v) lack of dosimetry considerations in in vitro studies. Presently, there is compelling evidence that the PM
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.