ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2017
Breast cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke during potential windows of susceptibility.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship between tobacco and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- WDCN: a comprehensive neural network based approach for estimating breast cancer risk.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Childhood exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal never smokers: the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Navigating the nexus of type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer: a comprehensive review of co-occurrence.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and adult lung cancer risk: a nested case-control study using peripheral blood leukocyte DNA methylation prediction of exposure.Environmental epigenetics · 2024Article
- Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- β-Caryophyllene Counteracts Chemoresistance Induced by Cigarette Smoke in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-468 Cells.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- The importance of addressing early life environmental exposures in cancer epidemiology.Current epidemiology reports · 2022Article
- Breast cancer incidence trends in Asian women aged 20 or older as compared to other ethnic women in the United States from 2000 to 2018 by time period, age and tumor stage.Cancer epidemiology · 2022Article
- Never-smokers and the fraction of breast cancer attributable to second-hand smoke from parents during childhood: the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study 1991-2018.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Early life exposure to tobacco smoke and ovarian cancer risk in adulthood.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- DNA Methylation in Babies Born to Nonsmoking Mothers Exposed to Secondhand Smoke during Pregnancy: An Epigenome-Wide Association Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2021Article
- Article
- DDT exposure during pregnancy and DNA methylation alterations in female offspring in the Child Health and Development Study.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- Prediagnostic Immune Cell Profiles and Breast Cancer.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Article
- Severe acne and risk of breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAn association between smoking and breast cancer is unresolved, although a higher risk from exposure during windows of susceptibility has been proposed. The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the association between tobacco smoke and breast cancer with a focus on timing of exposure, especially during early life.
methodsSister study participants (n = 50,884) aged 35-74 were enrolled from 2003 to 2009. Women in the United States and Puerto Rico were eligible if they were breast cancer-free but had a sister with breast cancer. Participants completed questionnaires on smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for breast cancer risk.
resultsDuring follow-up (mean = 6.4 years), 1,843 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed. Neither active smoking nor adult ETS was associated with breast cancer risk. However, never smoking women exposed to ETS throughout their childhood had a 17% higher risk of breast cancer (95% CI 1.00-1.36) relative to those with no exposure. In utero ETS exposure was also associated with breast cancer (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.32) and the HR was most elevated for women born in earlier birth cohorts (<1940, HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.02-2.02; 1940-1949, HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.62).
conclusionIn utero ETS and ETS exposure during childhood and adolescence were associated with increased risk of breast cancer and associations varied by birth cohort.
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