ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2017
Using Directed Acyclic Graphs in Epidemiological Research in Psychosis: An Analysis of the Role of Bullying in Psychosis.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Network analysis and directed acyclic graph of smartphone addiction and multiple mental health factors in youths.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Multifactorial associations of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with depression: a network analytic perspective.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- The relationship between social media use and health risk behaviors among college students: a network analysis.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- A machine-learning-derived online screening tool for depressive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD): a cross-sectional study with temporal validation from CHARLS.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Childhood psychological abuse and neglect impair adolescent social-emotional competence: a network analysis with mediation.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- The associations between PTSD symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty and personal growth initiative in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: undirected and Bayesian network analyses.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Machine learning-based nomogram for predicting depressive symptoms in women: A cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province, China.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Network relationships among depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and frailty in Chinese older adults: an undirected and bayesian network analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Bayesian network analysis of individual-level factors associated with bullying among high school students.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Causal AI Recommendation System for Digital Mental Health: Bayesian Decision-Theoretic Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Factors Associated With the Level of Trust in Health Information Robots Among the General Population From a Socioecological Model Perspective: Network Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Identifying potential action points for reducing kinesiophobia among atrial fibrillation patients: a network and DAG analysis.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Associations and Interactions Between Neuroticism, Adverse Life Events and Health Anxiety: Results From a Large Representative Cohort.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2025Article
- Schizotypal Traits, Psychopathology, and Reflective Functioning Impairments During Adolescence: A Bayesian Network Approach.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Schizotypal Traits, Emotion Regulation, and Negative Affect in Children: A Network Analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Core features of positive mental health in adolescents and their protective role against psychopathology.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Elucidating the relationship between burnout and sleep disturbances among firefighters: a network analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Bullying Victimization, Non-suicidal Self-injury, and Psychotic-like Experiences in Chinese Rural Adolescents: Exploring Transactional Associations.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Modern psychiatric epidemiology researches complex interactions between multiple variables in large datasets. This creates difficulties for causal inference. We argue for the use of probabilistic models represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). These capture the dependence structure of multiple variables and, used appropriately, allow more robust conclusions about the direction of causation. We analyzed British national survey data to assess putative mediators of the association between bullying victimization and persecutory ideation. We compared results using DAGs and the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) logistic regression commands in STATA. We analyzed data from the 2007 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity, using the equivalent 2000 survey in an instant replication. Additional details of methods and results are provided in the supplementary material. DAG analysis revealed a richer structure of relationships than could be inferred using the KHB logistic regression commands. Thus, bullying had direct effects on worry, persecutory ideation, mood instability, and drug use. Depression, sleep and anxiety lay downstream, and therefore did not mediate the link between bullying and persecutory ideation. Mediation by worry and mood instability could not be definitively ascertained. Bullying led to hallucinations indirectly, via persecutory ideation and depression. DAG analysis of the 2000 dataset suggested the technique generates stable results. While causality cannot be fully determined from cross-sectional data, DAGs indicate the relationships providing the best fit. They thereby advance investigation of the complex interactions seen in psychiatry, including the mechanisms underpinning psychiatric symptoms. It may consequently be used to optimize the choice of intervention targets.
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