ArticleJournal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography2017
Reference Ranges and Regional Patterns of Left Ventricular Strain and Strain Rate Using Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in a Healthy Middle-Aged Black and White Population: The CARDIA Study.
Article in Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Exercise Interventions on Cardiac Structure, Function, and Mechanics in Individuals with Chronic Motor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Myocardial Strain Measurements Obtained with Fast-Strain-Encoded Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Risk Prediction and Early Detection of Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity Compared to Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Correlation between vitamin D level and left ventricular myocardial function demonstrated by speckle tracking echocardiography among β-thalassemia major children.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Proteomics, Human Environmental Exposure, and Cardiometabolic Risk.Circulation research · 2024Observational
- Remnant Cholesterol in Young Adulthood Is Associated With Left Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in Middle Age: The CARDIA Study.Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging · 2023Article
- Role of Cardiac Energetics in Aortic Stenosis Disease Progression: Identifying the High-risk Metabolic Phenotype.Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging · 2023Article
- Imaging Early Life Cardiovascular Phenotype.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Age- and sex-specific reference values of biventricular strain and strain rate derived from a large cohort of healthy Chinese adults: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking study.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2022Article
- Prospective analysis of myocardial strain through the evolution of Chagas disease in the hamster animal model.The international journal of cardiovascular imaging · 2022Article
- The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: JACC Focus Seminar 8/8.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2021Review
- Evaluation of strain averaging area and strain estimation errors in a spheroidal left ventricular model using synthetic image data and speckle tracking.BMC medical imaging · 2021Article
- Speckle tracking echocardiography and left ventricular twist mechanics: predictive capabilities for noncompaction cardiomyopathy in the first degree relatives.The international journal of cardiovascular imaging · 2021Article
- The value of 2D speckle-tracking strain echocardiography in evaluating the relationship between carotid elasticity and left ventricular systolic function in patients with diabetic nephropathy.Insights into imaging · 2020Article
- Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate, Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: CARDIA Study.The American journal of medicine · 2020Article
- Coffee and tea consumption in the early adult lifespan and left ventricular function in middle age: the CARDIA study.ESC heart failure · 2020Article
- Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life.JAMA cardiology · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in the Association of Cumulative Body Mass Index from Early Adulthood to Middle Age and Left Atrial Remodeling Evaluated by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography · 2020Article
- Ventricular strain analysis in patients with no structural heart disease using a vendor-independent speckle-tracking software.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2020Article
- Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Heart Disease: Beyond Left Ventricular Hypertrophy.Current hypertension reports · 2020Review
- The effect of varying intensities of lower limb eccentric muscle contractions on left ventricular function.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStrain and strain rate are sensitive markers of left ventricular (LV) myocardial function. The aim of this study was to assess reference ranges and regional patterns of LV strain and strain rate using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in a large population of black and white subjects.
methodsThis study involved a retrospective review of prospectively collected images in 557 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study who remained healthy at the year 25 examination. LV deformation parameters were measured in apical four-chamber, apical two-chamber, and parasternal short-axis views in 509, 391, and 521 subjects, respectively.
resultsPatients' mean age was 49.6 ± 3.6 years, 61.6% were women, and 69.5% were white. White women showed the highest LV systolic and diastolic deformation values, reflected by a more negative reference range for apical four-chamber longitudinal strain (-16.4%; 95% prediction interval [PI], -20.8% to -12.0%) and a higher positive reference range for early diastolic strain rate (0.93 1/sec; 95% PI, 0.41 to 1.46 1/sec), respectively. The lowest LV systolic and diastolic deformation values were found in black men, with apical four-chamber longitudinal strain (14.7%; 95% PI, -19.1% to -10.3%) and early diastolic strain rate (0.79 1/sec; 95% PI, 0.42 to 1.16 1/sec). Absolute strain increased from the epicardium toward the endocardium. A base-to-apex gradient of longitudinal strain toward the apex was exhibited in inferior and inferoseptal regions and, in contrast, in the opposite direction in anterior and anterolateral walls. Sex had the strongest influence on LV deformation variability.
conclusionsStrain and strain rate reference values were sex and race related. White women showed the highest reference ranges for LV deformation, while the lowest values were found in black men. Significant layer- and level-specific patterns in regional LV deformation were identified.
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