ArticlePreventive medicine2017
National assessment of HPV and Pap tests: Changes in cervical cancer screening, National Health Interview Survey.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variation in Cervical Cancer Screening Preferences among Medically Underserved Individuals in the United States: A Systematic Review.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness studies of HPV self-sampling: A systematic review.Preventive medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Oncological Outcomes and Safety of Ovarian Preservation for Early Stage Adenocarcinoma of Cervix: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Pooled it
- A Cervical Cancer Screening Toolkit for Somali Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2023Trial
- Effect of Patient Characteristics on Uptake of Screening Using a Mailed Human Papillomavirus Self-sampling Kit: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Delayed Visits for Contraception Due to Concerns Regarding Pelvic Examination Among Women with History of Intimate Partner Violence.Journal of general internal medicine · 2021Trial
- Prevalence, incidence, and natural history of HPV infection in adult women ages 24 to 45 participating in a vaccine trial.Papillomavirus research (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2020Trial
- Correlates of Integrated Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening Protection in U.S. Low-Income Women.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Adherence to HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening: A Concept Analysis for Nursing and Midwifery Practice.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- Contemporary Status and Frontiers of Cervical Cancer Screening in the United States.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Review
- Themes, perspectives, and educational quality of content related to #PapSmears on TikTok.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2025Article
- Use of Cancer Screening Tests, United States, 2023.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Early-Onset and Older-Onset Age Groups in the United States, 2010-2019.Cancer discovery · 2025Article
- Association between knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and screening behaviors among women aged 20 to 49 years: a cross-sectional study in six provinces, China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Cervical cancer screening and risk factor prevalence by sexual identity: A comparison across three national surveys in the United States.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- U.S. national trends in cervical cancer screening by sexual orientation and race/ethnicity in cisgender women.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Excess Mortality in Persons with Concurrent HIV and Cancer Diagnoses: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Primary human papillomavirus testing by clinician- versus self-collection: Awareness and acceptance among cervical cancer screening-eligible women.Journal of medical screening · 2024Article
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cytology in pregnancy.Journal of pathology and translational medicine · 2024Review
- Exploring Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake among Women in the United States: Impact of Social Determinants of Health and Psychosocial Determinants.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMajor organizations recommend cytology screening (Pap test) every 3years for women aged 21-65; women aged 30 to 65 have the option of adding the HPV test (co-test) every 5years. We examined national percentages of cervical cancer screening, and we examined use of co-testing as an option for screening.
methodsWe used 2015 U.S. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data to examine recent cervical cancer screening (Pap test within 3years among women aged 21-65 without a hysterectomy; N=10,596) and co-testing (N=9,125). We also conducted a multivariable analysis to determine odds of having had a Pap test or co-test by demographic variables. To evaluate changes in screening over time, we examined Pap testing during the years 2000, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013 and 2015. Analysis completed in Atlanta, GA during 2016.
resultsOverall, 81.1% of eligible women reported having a Pap test within 3years; percentages declined over time among all age groups. An estimated 14 million women aged 21-65 had not been screened within the past 3years. Recent immigrants to the United States, women without insurance, and women without a usual source of healthcare had lower odds of being up to date with screening. About 1/3 of women up to date on Pap testing reported having a co-test with their most recent Pap test.
conclusionsDeclines in screening among women aged 21-65 are cause for concern. More research is needed on co-testing practices. Provider and patient education efforts may be needed to clarify recommended use of HPV tests.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.