ArticleClinical oral investigations2018
Macrophage polarization differs between apical granulomas, radicular cysts, and dentigerous cysts.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interplay of hypoxia, angiogenesis, and macrophages in pulp and periapical lesions: an immunohistochemical cross-sectional study.Restorative dentistry & endodontics · 2026Article
- Biological mechanisms underlying the inflammatory radicular cyst formation-focus on epithelial proliferation: a systematic review of experimental cell and tissue models.Restorative dentistry & endodontics · 2026Article
- Immunoinflammatory cells and Beta-defensin-3 in radicular cysts of primary and permanent teeth.Brazilian oral research · 2026Article
- Serum metabolomics identifies biomarkers in radicular cysts.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Guidance on the assessment of the functionality of biomaterials for periodontal tissue regeneration: Methodologies and testing procedures.Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · 2025Review
- M1 and M2 macrophages markers are alternately expressed during periapical lesion development.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing combined with proteomics of infected macrophages reveals prothymosin-α as a target for treatment of apical periodontitis.Journal of advanced research · 2024Article
- Biological action of bleaching agents on tooth structure: A review.Histology and histopathology · 2024Review
- Article
- 3D Organoids for Regenerative Endodontics.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- [Akt2 inhibitor promotes M2 macrophage polarization in rats with periapical inflammation by reducing miR-155-5p expression].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2023Article
- Next-generation biomaterials for dental pulp tissue immunomodulation.Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · 2023Review
- Role ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2023Review
- The Paradigm of the Inflammatory Radicular Cyst: Biological Aspects to be Considered.European endodontic journal · 2023Review
- Understanding painful versus non-painful dental pain in female and male patients: A transcriptomic analysis of human biopsies.PloS one · 2023Article
- Double-Edged Sword Effect of Pyroptosis: The Role of Caspase-1/-4/-5/-11 in Different Levels of Apical Periodontitis.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Macrophages in periapical lesions: Potential roles and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Macrophage M1 polarization mediated via the IL-6/STAT3 pathway contributes to apical periodontitis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of bone remodeling and therapeutic strategies in chronic apical periodontitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Inflammatory Response Mechanisms of the Dentine-Pulp Complex and the Periapical Tissues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesApical periodontitis can appear clinically as apical granulomas or radicular cysts. There is evidence that immunologic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of both pathologies. In contrast to radicular cysts, the dentigerous cysts have a developmental origin. Macrophage polarization (M1 vs M2) is a main regulator of tissue homeostasis and differentiation. There are no studies comparing macrophage polarization in apical granulomas, radicular cysts, and dentigerous cysts. MATERIALS AND
methodsForty-one apical granulomas, 23 radicular cysts, and 23 dentigerous cysts were analyzed in this study. A tissue microarray (TMA) of the 87 consecutive specimens was created, and CD68-, CD11c-, CD163-, and MRC1-positive macrophages were detected by immunohistochemical methods. TMAs were digitized, and the expression of macrophage markers was quantitatively assessed.
resultsRadicular cysts are characterized by M1 polarization of macrophages while apical granulomas show a significantly higher degree of M2 polarization. Dentigerous cysts have a significantly lower M1 polarization than both analyzed periapical lesions (apical granulomas and radicular cysts) and accordingly, a significantly higher M2 polarization than radicular cysts. Macrophage cell density in dentigerous cysts is significantly lower than in the periapical lesions.
conclusionsThe development of apical periodontitis towards apical granulomas or radicular cysts might be directed by macrophage polarization. Radicular cyst formation is associated with an increased M1 polarization of infiltrating macrophages. In contrast to radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts are characterized by a low macrophage infiltration and a high degree of M2 polarization, possibly reflecting their developmental rather than inflammatory origin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: As M1 polarization of macrophages is triggered by bacterial antigens, these results underline the need for sufficient bacterial clearance during endodontic treatment to prevent a possible M1 macrophage-derived stimulus for radicular cyst formation.
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