SynthesisBMC musculoskeletal disorders2017
Is hydroxychloroquine effective in treating primary Sjogren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment Effects in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies of Pharmacological Interventions: A Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Combined use of total glucosides of paeony and hydroxychloroquine in primary Sjögren's syndrome: A systematic review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Pooled it
- The Effectiveness and Safety of Total Glucosides of Paeony in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- The effects of resistance training in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.Clinical rheumatology · 2022Trial
- Hydroxychloroquine treatment downregulates systemic interferon activation in primary Sjögren's syndrome in the JOQUER randomized trial.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2020Trial
- [Current treatment, foreseeable newcomer and new treatment approaches for Sjögren's disease].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Review
- [Practical management of Sjögren's disease in the era of new treatment options : Current value of available outcome parameters].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Article
- PDE4D-CXCL13 axis in gland epithelial cells promotes B cell infiltration in primary Sjögren's syndrome.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Revealed the Role of Interferon-Gamma Related Genes in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Risk factors for disease progression in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients with low disease activity: a multicenter registry-based cohort study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Spotlight on Sjögren's: a patient perspective on burden of illness and unmet needs - results from a real-world survey.RMD open · 2026Article
- Acupuncture treatment for Sjögren's syndrome: a narrative review on mechanism of treatment and clinical application.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Role of Hydroxychloroquine in the Management of Rheumatic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Review
- Hydroxychloroquine: A double‑edged sword (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- miRNA let-7f-5p-encapsulated labial gland MSC-derived EVs ameliorate experimental Sjögren's syndrome by suppressing Th17 cells via targeting RORC/IL-17A signaling axis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Comparison of the effect of iguratimod and hydroxychloroquine on regulatory B cells in the treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- STING pathways and Sjögren's syndrome: Exploration from mechanism to treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 as a novel therapeutic target for gland fibrosis of Sjögren's syndrome.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Improved Fatigue Management in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis of the Efficacy of Methotrexate in Chinese Patients.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Deciphering the immunological interactions: targeting preeclampsia with Hydroxychloroquine's biological mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo systematically review and assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for treating primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS).
methodsFive electronic databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of science, Ovid, Cochrane Library) were searched for randomized controlled trials and retrospective or prospective studies published in English that reported the effect of HCQ on pSS. The subjective symptoms (sicca symptoms, fatigue and pain) and the objective indexes (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Schirmer test) were assessed as main outcome measures. A meta-analysis and descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of HCQ were conducted. The estimate of the effect of HCQ treatment was expressed as a proportion together with 95% confidence interval, and plotted on a forest plot.
resultsFour trials with totals of 215 SS patients, including two randomized controlled trials, one double blind crossover trial and one retrospective open-label study, were analyzed in this review. For dry mouth and dry eyes, the effectiveness of HCQ treatment was essentially the same as placebo treatment. For fatigue, the effectiveness of HCQ was lower than placebo. The efficacy of HCQ in treating pain associated with pSS was superior to that of the placebo. There was no significant difference between HCQ-treated groups and controls in terms of Schirmer test results, but HCQ could reduce the erythrocyte sedimentation rate compare with placebo. A descriptive safety assessment showed that gastrointestinal adverse effects were the most common adverse effects associated with HCQ.
conclusionsThis systematic review showed that there is no significant difference between HCQ and placebo in the treatment of dry mouth and dry eye in pSS. Well-designed, randomized, controlled trials are needed to provide higher-quality evidence to confirm our findings, and future studies should focus on some other index or extraglandular measures, such as cutaneous manifestations, to further explore the therapeutic effect of HCQ in pSS.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.