ArticleOncology research2018
Procaine Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Colon Cancer Cells Through Inactivation of the ERK/MAPK/FAK Pathways by Regulation of RhoA.
Article in Oncology research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of procaine-based triazole-isoxazoline hybrids as selective PI3K/mTOR inhibitors for esophageal cancer therapy:RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
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- Dexmedetomidine induces immunogenic cancer cell death and sensitizes tumors to PD-1 blockade.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Oncology letters · 2024Article
- The role of lidocaine in cancer progression and patient survival.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Ropivacaine suppresses the progression of renal cell carcinoma through regulating the lncRNA RMRP/EZH2/CCDC65 axis.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2024Article
- ProcCluster® and procaine hydrochloride inhibit the growth ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Trial watch: local anesthetics in cancer therapy.Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- The Local Anaesthetic Procaine Prodrugs ProcClusterInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cannabidiol inhibits invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Local anesthetics and immunotherapy: a novel combination to fight cancer.Seminars in immunopathology · 2023Review
- Article
- The upregulation of stromal antigen 3 expression suppresses the phenotypic hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma through the Smad3-CDK4/CDK6-cyclin D1 and CXCR4/RhoA pathways.BMC gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Local Anesthetic Ropivacaine Exhibits Therapeutic Effects in Cancers.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- cRGDyK-modified procaine liposome inhibits the proliferation and motility of glioma cells via the ERK/p38MAPK pathway.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Direct Cytotoxic and Indirect, Immune-Mediated Effects of Local Anesthetics Against Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Procaine-The Controversial Geroprotector Candidate: New Insights Regarding Its Molecular and Cellular Effects.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Review
- Repositioning Lidocaine as an Anticancer Drug: The Role Beyond Anesthesia.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Effects of Anesthesia on Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Malignant Tumors.Cancer management and research · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-03-19Author Unresponsive · Concerns/Issues about Image · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available · Unreliable Data · Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s) ·
- Erratum issuedErratum.2021
- Retracted
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most lethal varieties of cancer. Chemotherapy remains as one of the principal treatment approaches for colon cancer. The anticancer activity of procaine (PCA), which is a local anesthetic drug, has been explored in different studies. In our study, we aimed to explore the anticancer effect of PCA on colon cancer and its underlying mechanism. The results showed that PCA significantly inhibited cell viability, increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, and decreased the expression level of RhoA in HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Moreover, PCA increased the proportion of HCT116 cells in the G1 phase as well as downregulated cyclin D1 and cyclin E expressions (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that PCA remarkably inhibited cell migration in HCT116 cells (p < 0.01). However, all these effects of PCA on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were significantly reversed by PCA + pc-RhoA (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). PCA also significantly decreased the levels of p-ERK, p-p38MAPK, and p-FAK, but PCA + pc-RhoA rescued these effects. Furthermore, the ERK inhibitor (PD098059), p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580), and FAK inhibitor (Y15) reversed these results. These data indicate that PCA inhibited cell proliferation and migration but promoted apoptosis as well as inactivated the ERK/MAPK/FAK pathways by regulation of RhoA in HCT116 cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.