ArticlePloS one2017
Bystander activation of irrelevant CD4+ T cells following antigen-specific vaccination occurs in the presence and absence of adjuvant.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the Risk of Myocarditis Post-COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports from 2023 to 2025.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Pooled it
- The Squalene Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Vaccine Carrier AddaVax Potentiates TLR-Induced B-Cell Responses.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2026Article
- Article
- Dynamics of Circulating Follicular Helper and Regulatory T-Cell Memory Induced by mRNA, Inactivated, and Live-Attenuated Vaccines.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Human CD4+ T cells recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages amid broader responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Multi-layered deep immune profiling, SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and inflammation in unvaccinated COVID-19 individuals with persistent symptoms.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T-cell responses are predictive of serological neutralization and are transiently enhanced by pre-existing cross-reactive immunity.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Autoimmune hepatitis under the COVID-19 veil: an analysis of the nature of potential associations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Biofilm-derived oxylipin 10-HOME-mediated immune response in women with breast implants.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Neurological Disorders following COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-triggered autoimmunity: Molecular mimicry and/or bystander activation of the immune system.BioImpacts : BI · 2023Article
- Autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases post-COVID-19 vaccination.International immunopharmacology · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Cross-Protection, Co-Administration, Combination Vaccines, and Hesitancy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Emerging role of bystander T cell activation in autoimmune diseases.BMB reports · 2022Review
- Heterologous vaccination interventions to reduce pandemic morbidity and mortality: Modeling the US winter 2020 COVID-19 wave.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: What we know, what we can do to improve them and what we could learn from other well-known viruses.AIMS microbiology · 2022Article
- Triple jeopardy in ageing: COVID-19, co-morbidities and inflamm-ageing.Ageing research reviews · 2022Review
- Heterologous vaccine interventions: boosting immunity against future pandemics.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Review
- Longitudinal Analysis of COVID-19 Patients Shows Age-Associated T Cell Changes Independent of Ongoing Ill-Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory diseases (AID) are prevalent diseases which can severely impact the quality of life of those that suffer from the disease. In most cases, the etiology of these conditions have remained unclear. Immune responses that take place e.g. during natural infection or after vaccination are often linked with the development or exacerbation of AID. It is highly debated if vaccines induce or aggravate AID and in particular adjuvants are mentioned as potential cause. Since vaccines are given on a large scale to healthy individuals but also to elderly and immunocompromised individuals, more research is warranted. Non-specific induction of naïve or memory autoreactive T cells via bystander activation is one of the proposed mechanisms of how vaccination might be involved in AID. During bystander activation, T cells unrelated to the antigen presented can be activated without (strong) T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, but via signals derived from the ongoing response directed against the vaccine-antigen or adjuvant at hand. In this study we have set up a TCR transgenic T cell transfer mouse model by which we were able to measure local bystander activation of transferred and labeled CD4+ T cells. Intramuscular injection with the highly immunogenic Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) led to local in vivo proliferation and activation of intravenously transferred CD4+ T cells in the iliac lymph node. This local bystander activation was also observed after CFA prime and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) boost injection. Furthermore, we showed that an antigen specific response is sufficient for the induction of a bystander activation response and the general, immune stimulating effect of CFA or IFA does not appear to increase this effect. In other words, no evidence was obtained that adjuvation of antigen specific responses is essential for bystander activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.