ReviewFrontiers in immunology2017
Hello from the Other Side: How Autoantibodies Circumvent the Blood-Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- High Level of Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Heparan Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Might Be a Biomarker of Severity of Neuromyelitis Optica.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Effectiveness and safety of efgartigimod in patients with anti-NMDAR or anti-LGI1 encephalitis and itsNeuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2026Article
- Choroid Plexus Abnormalities in Autoimmune Encephalitis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in a mouse model for post-streptococcal encephalitis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Characterization of anti-fentanyl antibodies as antagonists of ultra-toxic, clinically relevant or endogenous opioids.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- The Gut-Brain Axis in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: From Biological Mechanisms to Microbiome-Based Therapeutic Strategies-A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hearing Loss in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Case Report and Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- The role of autoantibodies in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of 22q11 deletion syndrome.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Review
- Sex-associated and disease state-dependent monocyte polarization and CNS-trafficking phenotypes in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS).Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against α-enolase sequestrated from degenerating retina in retinitis pigmentosa.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- CD8 T cells as drivers of blood-brain barrier disruption.Trends in neurosciences · 2025Review
- A Case Report of Anti-GD3 Antibody Positive Incomplete Miller-Fisher Syndrome With Pyramidal Tract Symptoms.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Case Report: Treatment of delayed tremor episodes in a patient with DPPX antibody encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Circulating Brain-Reactive Autoantibody Profiles in Military Breachers Exposed to Repetitive Occupational Blast.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Contribution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to the Understanding of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Autoimmune Encephalitis: Insights Into Immune-Mediated Central Nervous System Injury.Korean journal of radiology · 2024Review
- An exploratory study of the damage markers NfL, GFAP, and t-Tau, in cerebrospinal fluid and other findings from a patient cohort enriched for suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Case Report: Longitudinal Evaluation and Treatment of a Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy Patient.Research square · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antibodies against neuronal receptors and synaptic proteins are associated with autoimmune encephalitides (AE) that produce movement and psychiatric disorders. In order to exert their pathological effects on neural circuits, autoantibodies against central nervous system (CNS) targets must gain access to the brain and spinal cord by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a tightly regulated gateway formed by endothelial cells lining CNS blood vessels. To date, the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie autoantibody-triggered encephalitic syndromes are poorly understood, and how autoantibodies breach the barrier remains obscure for almost all AE syndromes. The relative importance of cellular versus humoral immune mechanisms for disease pathogenesis also remains largely unexplored. Here, we review the proposed triggers for various autoimmune encephalopathies and their animal models, as well as basic structural features of the BBB and how they differ among various CNS regions, a feature that likely underlies some regional aspects of autoimmune encephalitis pathogenesis. We then discuss the routes that antibodies and immune cells employ to enter the CNS and their implications for AE. Finally, we explore future therapeutic strategies that may either preserve or restore barrier function and thereby limit immune cell and autoantibody infiltration into the CNS. Recent mechanistic insights into CNS autoantibody entry indicate promising future directions for therapeutic intervention beyond current, short-lived therapies that eliminate circulating autoantibodies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.