ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2017
The Association Between Urban Tree Cover and Gun Assault: A Case-Control and Case-Crossover Study.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Green Space on Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of Remediating Blighted Vacant Land on Shootings: A Citywide Cluster Randomized Trial.American journal of public health · 2019Trial
- Measuring the Health of Philadelphia's City Council Districts.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Examining associations between street vegetation and child firearm violence at microgeographic locations in 3 US cities: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Does greenspace influence the associations between ambient temperature and violent crime? An observational study.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025Article
- Environmental racism: associations between poverty, pollution, and pediatric gun violence.BMC pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Temperature, violent crime, climate change, and vulnerability factors in 44 United States cities.Environment international · 2025Article
- Natural environment satisfaction moderates the protective effect of legal cognition on adolescent aggression.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 07: Human Health and Safety.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2024Review
- Risk and Protective Factors for Firearm Assault Injuries Among Black Men: A Scoping Review of Research.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2024Article
- Child opportunity index is associated with pediatric firearm injury in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Place-Based Strategies Addressing Neighborhood Environments to Improve Perinatal and Preterm Infant Outcomes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Neighborhood segregation, tree cover and firearm violence in 6 U.S. cities, 2015-2020.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Assessing the impact of urban environment and green infrastructure on mental health: results from the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2022Article
- Association Between Structural Housing Repairs for Low-Income Homeowners and Neighborhood Crime.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Virtual Reality Representations of Nature to Improve Well-Being amongst Older Adults: a Rapid Review.Journal of technology in behavioral science · 2021Review
- Urban Trees and Human Health: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Alcohol outlets and firearm violence: a place-based case-control study using satellite imagery and machine learning.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2020Article
- As Violence Unfolds: A Space-Time Study of Situational Triggers of Violent Victimization among Urban Youth.Journal of quantitative criminology · 2020Article
- Risk and protective factors related to youth firearm violence: a scoping review and directions for future research.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Green space and vegetation may play a protective role against urban violence. We investigated whether being near urban tree cover during outdoor activities was related to being assaulted with a gun. We conducted geographic information systems-assisted interviews with boys and men aged 10-24 years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including 135 patients who had been shot with a firearm and 274 community controls, during 2008-2011. Each subject reported a step-by-step mapped account of where and with whom they traveled over a full day from waking until being assaulted or going to bed. Geocoded path points were overlaid on mapped layers representing tree locations and place-specific characteristics. Conditional logistic regressions were used to compare case subjects versus controls (case-control) and case subjects at the time of injury versus times earlier that day (case-crossover). When comparing cases at the time of assault to controls matched at the same time of day, being under tree cover was inversely associated with gunshot assault (odds ratio (OR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 0.88), especially in low-income areas (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.87). Case-crossover models confirmed this inverse association overall (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.89) and in low-income areas (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.88). Urban greening and tree cover may hold promise as proactive strategies to decrease urban violence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.