ReviewInterface focus2017
The foundations of plant intelligence.
Review in Interface focus, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heat-Stress Memory Modulates Antioxidant Metabolism and Increases Senecionine Biosynthesis Across Developmental Stages ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Plant emotion revisited: toward a new conceptual framework.Protoplasma · 2026Review
- From Phytochemicals to Physiology: The Metabolic and Redox Effects of Botanical Extracts on Crops.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Temporal Dynamics With and Without a Nervous System: Plant Physiology, Communication, and Movement.Cognitive science · 2025Review
- A Bio-Inspired Perspective on Materials Sustainability.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Plant intelligence dux: a comprehensive rebuttal of Kingsland and Taiz.Protoplasma · 2025Article
- Induced resistance to herbivory and the intelligent plant.Plant signaling & behavior · 2024Review
- Can Plants Perceive Human Gestures? Using AI to Track Eurythmic Human-Plant Interaction.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Motor cognition in plants: from thought to real experiments.Theoretical and experimental plant physiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Decision Making in Plants: A Rooted Perspective.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- An evidence-based critical review of the mind-brain identity theory.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Understanding interdisciplinary perspectives of plant intelligence: Is it a matter of science, language, or subjectivity?Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine · 2022Article
- Stronger wind, smaller tree: Testing tree growth plasticity through a modeling approach.Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- Vitalism and cognition in a conscious universe.Communicative & integrative biology · 2022Article
- Sowing the seeds of intentionality: Motor intentions in plants.Plant signaling & behavior · 2021Review
- Meristematic Connectome: A Cellular Coordinator of Plant Responses to Environmental Signals?Cells · 2021Article
- Can Plants Move Like Animals? A Three-Dimensional Stereovision Analysis of Movement in Plants.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Debunking a myth: plant consciousness.Protoplasma · 2021Review
- Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intelligence is defined for wild plants and its role in fitness identified. Intelligent behaviour exhibited by single cells and systems similarity between the interactome and connectome indicates neural systems are not necessary for intelligent capabilities. Plants sense and respond to many environmental signals that are assessed to competitively optimize acquisition of patchily distributed resources. Situations of choice engender motivational states in goal-directed plant behaviour; consequent intelligent decisions enable efficient gain of energy over expenditure. Comparison of swarm intelligence and plant behaviour indicates the origins of plant intelligence lie in complex communication and is exemplified by cambial control of branch function. Error correction in behaviours indicates both awareness and intention as does the ability to count to five. Volatile organic compounds are used as signals in numerous plant interactions. Being complex in composition and often species and individual specific, they may represent the plant language and account for self and alien recognition between individual plants. Game theory has been used to understand competitive and cooperative interactions between plants and microbes. Some unexpected cooperative behaviour between individuals and potential aliens has emerged. Behaviour profiting from experience, another simple definition of intelligence, requires both learning and memory and is indicated in the priming of herbivory, disease and abiotic stresses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.