ReviewCurrent treatment options in neurology2017
Cataplexy and Its Mimics: Clinical Recognition and Management.
Review in Current treatment options in neurology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid orexin testing in Australians with narcolepsy type 1.Internal medicine journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Narcolepsy as an immune-associated hypothalamic encephalopathy: orexin dysfunction and implications for precision sleep medicine.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Current and Emerging Treatments for Narcolepsy Type 1.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Gelastic spells in Angelman Syndrome, when laughter isn't funny.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2025Article
- Narcolepsy: Beyond the Classic Pentad.CNS drugs · 2025Review
- Diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Sleep Disorders in Children with Prader Willi Syndrome: Current Perspectives.Nature and science of sleep · 2022Review
- Narcolepsy type 1 features across the life span: age impact on clinical and polysomnographic phenotype.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2021Article
- Typical case of narcolepsy in paediatrics.BMJ case reports · 2021Article
- Recognizing the Symptom Spectrum of Narcolepsy to Improve Timely Diagnosis: A Narrative Review.Nature and science of sleep · 2021Review
- A practical guide to the pharmacological and behavioral therapy of Narcolepsy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2021Review
- Review
- Giving a voice to cataplectic experience: recollections from patients with narcolepsy type 1.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2020Article
- Cataplexy and ataxia: red flags for the diagnosis of DNA methyltransferase 1 mutation.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2020Article
- Images: Facial cataplexy with demonstration of persistent eye movements.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2020Article
- A Mobile App for Longterm Monitoring of Narcolepsy Symptoms: Design, Development, and Evaluation.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Article
- Narcolepsy Presentation in Diverse Populations: an Update.Current sleep medicine reports · 2020Review
- Perampanel-Induced Cataplexy in a Young Male with Generalized Epilepsy.HCA healthcare journal of medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
opinion statementThis review describes the diagnosis and management of cataplexy: attacks of bilateral loss of muscle tone, triggered by emotions and with preserved consciousness. Although cataplexy is rare, its recognition is important as in most cases, it leads to a diagnosis of narcolepsy, a disorder that still takes a median of 9 years to be diagnosed. The expression of cataplexy varies widely, from partial episodes affecting only the neck muscles to generalized attacks leading to falls. Moreover, childhood cataplexy differs from the presentation in adults, with a prominent facial involvement, already evident without clear emotional triggers ('cataplectic facies') and 'active' motor phenomena especially of the tongue and perioral muscles. Next to narcolepsy, cataplexy can sometimes be caused by other diseases, such as Niemann-Pick type C, Prader Willi Syndrome, or lesions in the hypothalamic or pontomedullary region. Cataplexy mimics include syncope, epilepsy, hyperekplexia, drop attacks and pseudocataplexy. They can be differentiated from cataplexy using thorough history taking, supplemented with (home)video recordings whenever possible. Childhood narcolepsy, with its profound facial hypotonia, can be confused with neuromuscular disorders, and the active motor phenomenona resemble those found in childhood movement disorders such as Sydenham's chorea. Currently, the diagnosis of cataplexy is made almost solely on clinical grounds, based on history taking and (home) videos. Cataplexy shows remarkable differences in childhood compared to adults, with profound facial hypotonia and complex active motor phenomena. Over time, these severe symptoms evolve to the milder adult phenotype, and this pattern is crucial to recognize when assessing the outcome of uncontrolled case series with potential treatments such as immunomodulation. Symptomatic treatment is possible with antidepressants and sodium oxybate. Importantly, management also needs to involve sleep hygiene advice, safety measures whenever applicable and guidance with regard to the social sequelae of cataplexy.
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