ReviewPharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior2018
Addiction as a BAD, a Behavioral Allocation Disorder.
Review in Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Conceptual Guide for Developing Experiential Social Intelligence in Psychiatric Nursing.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of nonpharmacological manipulations and repeated xanomeline treatment on methamphetamine-vs-food choice in Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Preferences and predictors driving opioid-involved polysubstance use profiles and trajectories: a prospective cohort study protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Mechanistic and translational insights from preclinical cocaine choice procedures on the economic substitutability of cocaine and nondrug reinforcers.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Sex-dependent modulation of behavioral allocation via ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens shell circuitry.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Reward deprivation is associated with elevated alcohol demand in emerging adults.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2025Article
- Whole Person Recovery from Substance Use Disorder: A Call for Research Examining a Dynamic Behavioral Ecological Model of Contexts Supportive of Recovery.Addiction research & theory · 2025Article
- Alternative Reinforcers Enhance the Effects of Opioid Antagonists, but Not Agonists, on Oxycodone Choice Self-Administration in Nonhuman Primates.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Validation of drug-nondrug choice procedure to model maladaptive behavioural allocation to opioid use in rats.Addiction biology · 2024Article
- Heterogeneity in choice models of addiction: the role of context.Psychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Contextual and psychosocial factors influencing drug reward in humans: The importance of non-drug reinforcement.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
- Human laboratory models of reward in substance use disorder.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
- Applying behavioral economics to understand changes in alcohol outcomes during the transition to adulthood: Longitudinal relations and differences by sex and race.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2024Article
- A brief measure of non-drug reinforcement: Association with treatment outcomes during initial substance use recovery.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Positive correlation between measures of habitual responding and motivated responding in mice.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2024Article
- Ethanol-paired conditioned stimulus effects on concurrent reinforced responding for ethanol and food.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- The Role of Environmental Context and Physical Activity in Prescribed Opioid Use and Pain in Daily Life among Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Article
- Environmental Uncertainty and Substance Use Disorders: A Behavior Analytic Perspective.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2023Article
- The effects of social context and opportunity cost on the behavioral economic value of cannabis.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Addiction is continued drug use despite its harm. As one always has alternatives, addiction can be construed as a decision to allocate behavior to drug use. While decision making is commonly discussed and studied as if it resulted from deliberative, evaluative processes, such processes are actually only rarely involved in behavior allocation. These deliberative processes are too slow, effortful and inefficient to guide behavior other than when necessary. Rather, most actions are guided by faster, more automatic processes, often labeled habits. Habits are mostly adaptive, and result from repeated reinforcement leading to over-learned behavior. Habitual behavior occurs rapidly in response to particular contexts, and the behavior occurring first is that which occurs, i.e., the behavior that is decided upon. Thus, as drug use becomes habitual, drug use is likely to be chosen over other available activities in that particular context. However, while drug use becoming habitual is necessary for addiction to develop, it is not sufficient. Typically, constraints limit even habitual drug use to safer levels. These constraints might include limiting occasions for use; and, almost always, constraints on amount consumed. However, in a minority of individuals, drug use is not sufficiently constrained and addiction develops. This review discusses the nature of these constraints, and how they might fail. These failures do not result from abnormal learning processes, but rather unfortunate interactions between a person and their environment over time. These accumulate in the maladaptive allocation of behavior to drug use. This Behavior Allocation Disorder (BAD) can be reversed; occasionally easily when the environment significantly changes, but more often by the arduous application of deliberative processes generally absent from decision making. These deliberative processes must continue until new more adaptive habits become the most probable behavior in the contexts encountered. As alternatives to drug use become the most probable behavior, relapse risk diminishes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.