Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28476099›Full record

ArticleBMC cancer2017

Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in exosomes as a potential marker for prostate cancer.

Kyojiro Kawakami, Yasunori Fujita, Yoko Matsuda, Tomio Arai, Kengo Horie, Koji Kameyama, Taku Kato, Koichi Masunaga, Yutaka Kasuya, Masashi Tanaka and 3 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC cancer, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.

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  11. Activatable Photosensitizers: From Fundamental Principles to Advanced Designs.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025
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1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Kyojiro KawakamiResearch Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Yasunori FujitaResearch Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Yoko MatsudaDepartment of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Tomio AraiDepartment of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Kengo HorieDepartment of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
Koji KameyamaDepartment of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
Taku KatoDepartment of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
Koichi MasunagaDepartment of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Yutaka KasuyaDepartment of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Masashi TanakaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
Kosuke MizutaniDepartment of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. mizutech@gifu-u.ac.jp.
Takashi DeguchiDepartment of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
Masafumi ItoResearch Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan. mito@tmig.or.jp.
Gifu University · JPTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital · JPTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundExosomes or extracellular vesicles have the potential as a diagnostic marker for various diseases including cancer. In order to identify novel exosomal markers for prostate cancer (PC), we performed proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from PC cell lines and examined the usefulness of the marker in patients.

methodsExosomes isolated by differential centrifugation from the culture medium of androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and its sublines of partially androgen-independent C4, androgen-independent C4-2 and bone metastatic C4-2B were subjected to iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Exosomes were also isolated by immunocapture and separated by size exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. GGT activity was measured using a fluorescent probe, γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green (gGlu-HMRG). Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues was performed using anti-GGT1 antibody.

resultsAmong proteins upregulated in C4-2 and C4-2B cells than in LNCaP cells, we focused on gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), a cell-surface enzyme that regulates the catabolism of extracellular glutathione. The levels of both GGT1 large and small subunits were elevated in exosomes isolated from C4-2 and C4-2B cells by differential centrifugation and by immunocapture with anti-CD9 or -prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody. In cell lysates and exosomes, GGT1 expression correlated with GGT activity. Size exclusion chromatography of human serum demonstrated the presence of GGT activity and GGT1 subunits in fractions positive for CD9. Density gradient centrifugation revealed the co-presence of GGT1 subunits with CD9 in exosomes isolated by differential centrifugation from human serum. Since GGT activity correlated with GGT1 expression in serum exosomes isolated by differential centrifugation, we measured serum exosomal GGT activity in patients. Unexpectedly, we found that serum exosomal GGT activity was significantly higher in PC patients than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. In support of this finding, immunohistochemical analysis showed increased GGT1 expression in PC tissues compared with BPH tissues.

conclusionsOur results suggest that serum exosomal GGT activity could be a useful biomarker for PC.

Indexed as

Antigens, SurfaceBiomarkers, TumorCell Line, TumorExosomesgamma-GlutamyltransferaseGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGlutamate Carboxypeptidase IIHumansMaleProstatic HyperplasiaProstatic NeoplasmsAntigens, SurfaceBiomarkers, TumorFOLH1 protein, humangamma-GlutamyltransferaseGlutamate Carboxypeptidase IIBenign prostatic hyperplasiaDiagnostic markerExosomeProstate cancerγ-glutamyltransferase 1γ-glutamyl transpeptidase

Identifiers

PMID28476099
PMCPMC5420129
OpenAlexW2610410772

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.